Xinjiang Academy

Located on the golden mountain on the South Bank of Xinjiang, Xinzhou District, Shangrao City, Xinjiang Academy is one of the four ancient academies in Jiangxi Province. The courtyard is covered with verdant green, and the four corner cornice style Kuixing pavilion with carved beams and painted buildings stands on the Zhongling platform. The flower windows and green tiles are antique. The pavilion overlooks Xinjiang River and Lingshan mountain, giving people a wonderful enjoyment. In front of Zhongling terrace, there are still some ancient buildings, such as Chunfeng Pavilion, yita Pavilion, Xixiu Pavilion, Rixin library, etc. Although Yile hall has been destroyed, the stone tablet and rockery in front of it are still intact.

Xinjiang Academy

Xinjiang Academy, one of the four ancient academies in Jiangxi Province, is located on the golden mountain on the South Bank of Xinjiang in Shangrao City. Founded in 1694, it was formerly known as Qujiang Academy. After the expansion in the 51st year of Kangxi, it was renamed Zhongling lecture hall. In 1743, a building was built in Houshan to offer sacrifices to Zhu Xi. It was renamed Ziyang Academy. It was named Xinjiang Academy in the 46th year of Qianlong. There are more than ten ancient buildings, such as Zhong Lingtai, Chunfeng Pavilion, yita Pavilion, Xixiu Pavilion, Rixin library, Yile hall, etc. with carved beams and painted buildings, the shape is simple and elegant, which is reflected in the shade of green trees. On the former site of yiletang in the northeast of the Academy, the "monument of revolutionary martyrs in Shangrao special area" and the tomb of zodiac martyrs were built after the founding of the people's Republic of China.

human geography

Xinjiang Academy is located at the north foot of Nanping mountain in Shangrao City, "Zhongshan stands behind and Lingshan lies in front". It is uplifted in the middle, known as Guanshan in ancient times. It is surrounded by Xinshui in the north, Fengxi in the west, and Xiangfu Temple (today's people's Hospital) in the East. It covers an area of more than 100 mu and has a superior geographical environment.

The geographical coordinates are 117 ° 37 ′ 30 ″ E and 28 ° 26 ′ 30 ″ n.

The self-confidence River academy has been known as Nanping mountain since ancient times for its undulating mountains and dense forest vegetation. Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, temples, ancestral temples and pavilions have been densely distributed. Nanping mountain is regarded as the case mountain in the Fengshui pattern of government governing county and city, and its natural ecological environment has been well protected. Because of its special geographical location, it has been attracting many scholars and scholars to explore the past, leaving many precious inscriptions and chants, including Chen Yunhe's poem Xinjiang. Academy. Normal school. Since the Qing Dynasty, Xinjiang Academy has come to the fore for more than 300 years. It has become an important symbol of Shangrao's outstanding people and culture.

Historical evolution

According to Zhong Shizhen, the governor of Guangxin Prefecture in 1867, who wrote in the preface of "records of rebuilding Xinjiang Academy", there are academies in Xinzhou since Zhang Gong, the prefect. Zhang Gong, Zhang Guozhen, the governor of Guangxin during the reign of Kangxi, was named Jinyi. He was born in Baodi, Zhili, and was appointed as the governor of Guangxin in the 33rd year of Kangxi. In 1697, the local gentry proposed his ancestral hall. Zhang did not accept it. Instead, he set up a Yixue and inscribed a plaque on "Qujiang academy". It is located in today's Xinjiang Academy.

In the 51st year of Kangxi (1712), Zhou Fu, the magistrate, repaired it and renamed it "Zhongling lecture hall". Yanshi is a lecturer, recruiting seven counties, namely: Shangrao, Yongfeng (now Guangfeng), Qianshan, Yushan, Guixi, Yiyang, Xing'an (now Hengfeng) and Wannian taxi students to study. Li Guangdi, the great scholar of wenyuange and Minister of the Ministry of official, wrote a "record" for him, and greatly praised the establishment of "Zhongling academy" by Zhou Weizhi.

In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the magistrate Chen Shizeng renovated and expanded the library because it was difficult to accommodate many scholars. It was renamed "Ziyang academy".

In 1781, the magistrate Kang Qiyuan changed Ziyang academy into Xinjiang Academy. Since then, the officials have carried out maintenance and large-scale expansion. At this time, the Xinjiang Academy "entered with arrogance, ascended to the front hall, lecture hall and panchi Among them, Qingyun Pavilion, yita Pavilion, Zhongdao Pavilion, Wenhui Pavilion, Wanjin library, puxu shehui Pavilion, Lingyun jingshe Pavilion, sizhao Pavilion, Banshan Pavilion, Xixiu Pavilion, etc. are scattered and interweaved. The academy is magnificent and has become a completely garden school.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the academy system went through a long process of development. With the decline of the feudal society and the decline of the whole education cause, the academy also gradually decayed, and the accumulated disadvantages became deeper and deeper. It was difficult to cultivate talents. Therefore, the reform of the Academy was imperative. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, academies all over the country were gradually transformed into new schools. In 1902, Guangxin middle school (the predecessor of Shangrao No.1 Middle School) was established in Xinjiang Academy. At the beginning of the Republic of China, it was called Xinjiang Middle School. After that, it was successively changed into Jiangxi Provincial No.10 middle school and No.6 middle school. At the beginning of the people's Republic of China, it was called Shangrao middle school. Later, it was transferred to the branch of Shangrao middle school, Shangrao junior middle school, Shangrao County Middle School and Shangrao Normal School.

During the agrarian revolution, Huang Dao and Shao Shiping, the founders of the Soviet Area in Northeast Jiangxi, were engaged in education and spread Marxism Leninism. After liberation, in order to remember the achievements of the martyrs, a monument to the revolutionary martyrs of Shangrao special area was built on the top of the hill in the courtyard, and a tomb of the zodiac martyrs was built in the east corner of the courtyard.

architectural composition

The existing Xinjiang Academy covers a total area of more than 25000 square meters. During the heyday of Emperor Qianlong, it was more than 60000 square meters. In such a large ground space, the layout of the northern and central areas of the academy is compact and natural, while the other areas are relatively loose.

There are more than 10 ancient buildings preserved in the Academy, such as zhonglingtai, Chunfeng Pavilion, yita Pavilion, Xixiu Pavilion, lecture hall, Shiba Pai (school house), Rixin library, Youxin library and jingxun hall. In the old site, there are still terraces, winding corridors, towering ancient trees and bamboo paths with beautiful scenery.

Not far in front of the two academies of e lake and Bailudong, there are official reception pavilions, so that officials from afar can take a short rest, straighten their clothes, and then walk into the holy gate. This is a fine design. Because Xinjiang Academy is close to the city, it omits this link.

The characteristic of Xinjiang Academy lies in that it not only follows the standardized procedure gradually formed from the feudal ethics, but also has innovation and breakthrough. This is the main building as the center, large-scale horizontal development, to the main building of the East, south two aspects of development, according to the topography, clever absorption and flexible use of some of the characteristics of the Jiangnan garden construction and its performance techniques, in order to meet the needs of the feudal literati and literati landscape taste, careful design, reasonable layout, around the main building successively Several courtyard units, or architectural complex, with their own characteristics and interrelations, are formed one after another. They seem to be separated from each other, but in fact they are divine. Groups of small buildings are naturally and harmoniously integrated into a large building group, showing the unique ingenuity of cutting and combination. Based on the comprehensive education thought of "poetry, calligraphy, rites and music" of Confucianism, these buildings have been incorporated into the Academy buildings. We call it the architecture of amusement system, which is different from the architecture of sacrifice system and education system. For example, high platforms and high pavilions are suitable for overlooking mountains and rivers, reciting poems and writing Fu, and cultivating sentiment, which also has the function of imperceptibly influencing people's mind. This is consistent with the historical atmosphere of "farming and reading culture" based on small-scale peasant economy in feudal society.

During the expansion of Xinjiang Academy during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Qingyun pavilion was built in the east of the lecture hall, and stele pavilion was built in front of the gate. The original intention was obvious. It was to form the second group of buildings next only to the main building on the west side, so as to make up for the lack of form due to the limited terrain and shallow depth of the main building. Later, after several repairs, the ceremony broke down and the music broke through. The second group of buildings mainly developed towards the amusement system. So there are Mengquan and Yuji in the back of the pavilion. They go up the stairs and set up a middle Pavilion, which is connected with Guanshan hall. Because of the terrain, Xixiu pavilion was built, and Qingyun pavilion was changed into Qingyun villa, which is symmetrical with Lingyun jingshe. In this way, the second group of buildings, which are close to the east side of the first group of buildings, with both jingshe and pavilions, becomes a transitional building between the two systems of teaching and leisure, connecting the preceding and the following, and plays a good buffer role in the overall layout.

The third group of buildings is the key garden area in the amusement system, so I think very hard. I choose the hill near the water with moderate location and dangerous terrain in the courtyard, chop the slope and cut the stone, and hang the plank road on it; beside the water and the river, I construct pavilions and pavilions in it skillfully. According to gangpingji, the hall was built high, the jade was set, the scenery in the scenery was set, the rockery was stacked, and the mountain outside the mountain was formed. Everywhere, the scenery is set according to the situation, with few carving and natural interest, and with a little development, it is particularly magnificent. If you make it rain and fog, you can walk in the pavilions and corridors, you will feel like you are wandering in the fairyland. Therefore, the three words of the former people's Congress were written in its context, saying: "little Penglai". In Wang gengyan's yiletang shisiye Zhusheng poem, there are several beautiful sentences which blend feelings and scenes. They are also written in the continuous drizzle and misty fog: "Zijin City is full of songs, and there are many forms of banyan ceremony in the past. The mountain is facing the new land of Nanping, and the water is gradually pumping out What is the meaning of she's training

The fourth group of buildings follows the lingering charm of the third group of buildings. In the original Gushen Taoist courtyard in Dongkou, a small stone arch bridge is erected on a small tributary by the river, and a pavilion is built beside it, saying: "ask the moon". The ancient buildings such as Gushen Taoist courtyard squatter house, Fuhui hall and jingxun hall are preserved, and the landscape of the east section of the academy is expanded.

In the south of Daoguan mountain, due to the low and flat terrain, the pool is widely dug, forming a landscape like listening to Frog Pool, Yude pool and striving for the wind and cloud. It also includes Yibei Pavilion, Xishan hall and Hanhui Pavilion, which were preserved in the Tang and Song dynasties,

Chinese PinYin : Xin Jiang Shu Yuan