Xituanshan site

Xituan mountain is located in huangqitun street, Chuanying District, Jilin City, with an altitude of 236.2 meters. It is a cultural site of primitive society 3000 years ago. It was excavated in 1950 and named as "xituan mountain culture". The site covers a total area of more than 40000 square meters, including living quarters and cemeteries. House sites, ash pits and other remains were found in the site. The house sites were all semi cavernous, built close to the mountain, high in the back and low in the front. Tombs are stone coffin tombs, most of which are rectangular in shape. They are built with board stones and block stones. There is no sealed pile on the surface. There are three types of tombs: rectangular Sarcophagus, rectangular sarcophagus with accessory coffin and small sarcophagus. Most of the burials were upright with their heads facing the top of the mountain. Xituanshan culture is the first named archaeological culture in Northeast China. The relics have strong local characteristics.

Xituanshan site

Xituan mountain site, located on xituan mountain in Chuanying District of Jilin Province, covers an area of more than 40000 square meters. It is a primitive social and cultural site of Bronze Age 3000 years ago.

The Xituanshan site is about 300 meters long from north to South and 400 meters wide from east to west. The north and east slopes are steep, while the South and West slopes are gentle. The tombs are distributed on the southwest slope. The unearthed relics include stone axes, stone axes, stone knives, pottery, pottery pots, pottery bowls, pottery tripods and so on. The discovery of Xituanshan site plays an important role in the study of bronze culture and ancient ethnic relations in Northeast China.

On October 24, 1987, it was listed in the list of the fourth batch of key cultural relics protection units published by the people's Government of Jilin Province.

In 2001, the Xituanshan site was announced as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

Historical evolution

In the 1930s, Japanese archaeologist sanshangcinan, zuozhuzhongdagao and Chinese archaeologist Li Wenxin conducted archaeological investigation here, and the former published a report. In the early 1940s, Mr. Tong Zhuchen, a researcher in the Institute of archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also made an archaeological investigation here. In 1948, teachers and students of Jilin Normal University carried out the first excavation at the site of Xituanshan.

From the middle of July to the beginning of August in 1949, teachers and students of Jilin Normal University conducted a second excavation at the southwest foot of xituan mountain. In September 1950, at the initiative of Guo Moruo, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Cultural Relics Bureau of the central Ministry of culture formed a northeast archaeological excavation group headed by Professor Pei Wenzhong to excavate the Xituanshan site.

In 1953, Jilin Provincial Museum cleared a sarcophagus tomb at the site of Xituanshan. In the summer of 1956, teachers and students from the History Department of northeast Renmin University cleaned up two sarcophagus tombs at the site of Xituanshan.

In 1962, Shan Qinglin, a teacher of Jilin University, and Liu Fengming and Dong Xuezeng, comrades of Jilin City Museum, cleared an ash pit in xituan mountain.

Site features

The site covers an area of more than 40000 square meters, including living quarters and cemeteries. There are basically three types of burials, most of which are straight with the body raised, with the head facing the top of the mountain and the feet facing the foot of the mountain, but there are also burials with the body raised and the limbs bent (arms or legs bent).

The stone used in the sarcophagus of Xituanshan site is mostly granite, including slate and block stone. In terms of masonry methods, it can be divided into two types: both slate and block stone are built vertically and block stone is built base. Most of the slab stone tombs have a minor coffin, that is, a small coffin built in front of or on one side of the end of the chamber, which is connected with the main coffin.

These two types of sarcophagus, some have the bottom of the coffin paved with slate, and some directly build the tomb wall on the weathered granite. No matter what type of stone Museum, are buried under the surface of the hillside, up to about two meters deep, the ground is not sealed pile. The number of tombs built with stone slabs and stone blocks in Xitun mountain is slightly the same. In the form of composition, it can be divided into three types: rectangular sarcophagus tomb with accessory coffin, rectangular sarcophagus tomb without accessory coffin and nearly square small sarcophagus.

The first layer is topsoil. It contains plant roots and is about 20-30 cm thick, which is the modern cultivated soil layer. The black soil layer, 60-100cm thick, contains stone, pottery production tools and daily utensils. The discovery of red burnt soil proves that this layer is a cultural layer. Below this layer is the original layer of yellow sand. The sarcophagus tombs are all in this layer.

Cultural relics

A total of 19 sarcophagus tombs were excavated at the Xituanshan site. The unearthed relics include stone axes, stone axes, stone knives, pottery, pottery pots, pottery bowls, pottery bowls, pottery tripods, etc. 138 pieces of stone and pottery were obtained, including 3 choppers, 2 stone axes, 2 stone axes, 12 stone knives, 15 Shiqi, 17 pottery spinning wheels, 13 pottery pots, 5 pottery pots, 9 pottery bowls, 5 pottery bowls, 2 pottery tripods, 51 tubular stone beads (white stone tubes), 2 boar teeth ornaments, and 9 tombs with pig jaws and teeth.

The location and combination of burial objects in Xituanshan stone coffin tomb have certain rules. The white stone tube and boar tooth ornaments are mostly placed near the head and chest, the stone axe, stone knife and stone arrowhead are mostly placed on the right side of pelvis and femur, and the pottery pot, pottery pot and pottery bowl are mostly placed under the foot or in the accessory coffin. The pig jaws and teeth were also found inside or outside the coffins of eight sarcophagus tombs. The combination of funerary objects has a certain rule, that is, there are spinning wheels without stone arrowheads, with which stone arrowheads, pottery pots and pottery pots generally coexist; there are stone arrowheads without spinning wheels, with which stone axes, stone arrowheads, pottery pots and pottery pots generally coexist.

History and culture

Xituan Mountain Culture

Xituanshan culture is the first named archaeological culture in Northeast China, which has strong local characteristics.

The distribution of xituan mountain culture is bounded by zhangguangcailing in the East, reaches the upper reaches of hunqing River in the southwest, reaches the middle and lower reaches of Yitong River and the coast of Dongliao River in the west, and crosses the Lalin River in the north, which is roughly equivalent to the intersection of Changbai Mountain and Songliao plain. According to the differences of cultural relics and carbon 14, Xituanshan culture can be divided into early, middle and late periods. The early period is equivalent to the period from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the early spring and Autumn period, the middle period is equivalent to the period from the middle of the spring and Autumn period to the middle of the Warring States period, and the late period is equivalent to the period from the end of the Warring States period to the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Research value

As one of the most representative cemeteries of Xituanshan culture, Xituanshan site occupies an important position in the study of bronze culture in Northeast China and has an important and extensive influence. Moreover, it also provides a particularly important material for the study of ancient ethnic relations. It is of great value to the study of the origin of family and private ownership in the history of Northeast China, the change of primitive human social system and the reproduction of northeast minorities.

Scientific research achievements

In 1950, the Northeast archaeological excavation group published the excavation report of the stone coffin tomb in Xituanshan, Jilin Province.

protective measures

On October 24, 1987, the Xituanshan site was announced by the people's Government of Jilin Province as the fourth batch of key cultural relics protection units.

On June 25, 2001, it was announced as the fifth batch of national cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

Tourism information

geographical position

Xituanshan site is located in Jixing village, Huanxi Township, the suburb of Jilin City.

Traffic information

Starting from the urban area of Jilin Province, through Jiefang West Road, Jiefang middle road and independent road, we can reach the Tuanshan site.

Address: Jixing village, Huanxi Township, Chuanying District, Jilin City, Jilin Province

Longitude: 126.49737555499

Latitude: 43.80352303859

Chinese PinYin : Xi Tuan Shan Yi Zhi