Poyang Lake Natural Reserve

Poyang Lake is not only the largest freshwater lake in China, but also the second hometown of rare birds. In the lake area near the southwest bank, there are two small islands, Nanshan and Fanshan, collectively known as Nanji mountain. Every golden autumn and October, a large number of migratory birds, including white crane, swan, white headed crane, white naped crane, white stork, black stork, great bustard, stork billed Heron and wild goose, successively fly 5000 km south from Siberia and other places, and gather in Changhu, Lingxiao, Beijia lake, Donghu and Shentang lake around Nanfan mountain . It didn't return to the North until the next spring.

Jiangxi Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve

synonym

Poyang Lake migratory bird reserve generally refers to Jiangxi Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve

Jiangxi Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve is located in the north of Jiangxi Province. It is a nature reserve to protect wild animals, mainly protecting rare migratory birds such as white crane and their wintering areas. The nature reserve is an inland wetland. The main wetland types include lakes, permanent rivers, seasonal lakes, permanent freshwater herbaceous swamps and bubble marshes.

The reserve was established in 1983, formerly known as "Jiangxi Poyang Lake migratory bird reserve". In 1988, it was promoted to a National Nature Reserve and renamed "Jiangxi Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve".

With four distinct seasons and pleasant scenery, the reserve is a famous tourist attraction.

geographical environment

geographical position

The nature reserve is located in the northwest corner of Poyang Lake, covering three counties of Xinjian, Yongxiu and Xingzi. It has nine lakes, namely Shahu Lake, dacha lake, Benghu lake, Zhushi lake, Meixi lake, Xianghu Lake, dahuchi lake, Changhu Lake and Zhonghu lake, with a total area of 224k m2. The geographical coordinates are between 28 ° 22 ′ n to 29 ° 45 ′ N and 115 ° 47 ′ e to 116 ° 45 ′ E..

Climatic characteristics

Poyang Lake Nature Reserve is a subtropical humid monsoon climate with abundant heat, abundant rainfall, long frost free period and four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature of the reserve is 17.1 ℃, the highest in July, with an average of 29.1 ℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 40.2 ℃; the lowest in January, with an average of 4.5 ℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is - 9.8 ℃. The frost free period is 270 days. The annual average sunshine hours are 1970h, with the most in August and the least in February. The average maximum temperature of the lake last year was about 0.3 ℃ lower than that on land, while the average temperature in January was about 0.5 ℃ higher than that on land. The water temperature was generally higher than that on land, and the maximum temperature difference could exceed 4 ℃. The annual total radiation is 45 × 10 kJ / m2, which is rich in solar energy resources in Jiangxi Province and even in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Except July, the scattered radiation is greater than the direct radiation in other months. This is the result of the combination of Poyang Lake water body effect and Poyang Lake basin effect. The nature reserve is located in the south of Laoyemiao. Due to the narrow pipe effect of Lushan Mountain and Hukou waterway, Laoyemiao water area is a strong wind area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The wind speed is relatively high, and the wind direction is mainly northerly. The average wind speed is 3.9 m / s, and the maximum wind speed is 12-17 M / s. The annual precipitation of the reserve is 744.1-2363.2mm (the maximum value appears in 1954 and the minimum value appears in 1962), with an annual average of 1426.4mm. The rainfall is abundant, but the time distribution is uneven. The precipitation is mainly concentrated from April to June, accounting for 47.4% of the whole year. The period from November to January of the next year is a period of little rain, and the precipitation only accounts for 9.9% of the whole year.

Geomorphological features

Poyang Lake Nature Reserve is located at the confluence of Ganjiang River main branch (Ganjiang Delta Branch River, including main branch, North Branch, middle branch and South Branch) and the lower reaches of Xiuhe river. It is submerged in flood season, and the water level fluctuation area and its adjacent shallow water area are widely exposed in dry season. It is located in the extended transition zone from the land delta plain to the lake perennial flooding area, namely the delta front Margin sedimentary belt. The section elevation of typical wetland in the reserve is generally 18-13 meters, and the terrain is flat. In the geomorphic combination structure, the wetland is composed of natural levees on both sides of the branch river, gentle slopes on the side edge and dished depressions. In the structure of sedimentary section, the surface elevation from high to low can be divided into high floodplain (grass Beach) - low floodplain (including transitional sparse grass beach and mud Beach) - ponding depression and other sedimentary units. The sediments are mainly fine silt, very fine silt and clay. In some areas, there are hills, including Dingjiashan, Jishan and Taiyangshan. In the aspect of landscape, the above-mentioned hills are in the highland of wetland plain in dry season, and become islands and mountains surrounded by lakes in flood season. The nine lakes in the reserve are located on both sides of Ganjiang River and Xiuhe River, with an altitude of 14-17 meters. The terrain is low and flat, and slightly inclined to Poyang Lake. Due to the back and forth movement and branching of the riverbed, fan-shaped alluvial deposits are formed, and the sediment is deposited into sand dams, natural dikes, lakes and marshes and other unique landforms. Among the wetlands of Poyang Lake, the wetland at the elevation of 16-12m in Wusong is the most suitable for wintering migratory birds, and the migratory birds are mainly concentrated in 9 depressions around Wucheng town. In addition to the most suitable environment for migratory birds to live in in winter, there are few human economic activities, and the structure and function of natural wetland are basically preserved.

hydrographic features

The nature reserve is a semi humid area with stable relative humidity. Poyang Lake, known as Pengli and Pengze in ancient times, is the largest freshwater lake in China. It is the confluence of Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, Xinjiang River, Raohe River and Xiushui river. It is divided into two lakes, 170 km in length from north to South and 50-70 km in width from east to west. Affected by Xiuhe river system and Ganjiang River system, the water level in the lake area has obvious seasonal variation. The dry season is from October to march of the next year, when the water surface is only 500km2, the low water level is only 13m, and the lowest water level in late winter is only 0.2-0.8m, forming 9 independent seasonal lakes and marshland grassland of large and small, and the exposed lake bottom forms open mud flat and Grass Island; April to September is the wet season, with the water surface of 3000km2, and the highest water level is 21m above sea level, 9 The three lakes and Poyang Lake are connected and integrated to form a vast ocean of Poyang Lake water, which has the landscape of water country. Therefore, people often use "low water line, abundant water" to describe the water level change landscape of Poyang Lake. Poyang Lake has the characteristics of typical wetlands. According to the causes and distribution, it mainly includes intertidal beach and lake shore wetland formed by lake delta; river wetland formed by seasonal flood plain and flood depression; Lake wetland formed by water level fluctuation zone beach and lake delta. The wetland area of Poyang Lake (i.e. water level fluctuation area and its adjacent shallow water area) is more than 2500km2, accounting for 78% of the area of Poyang Lake.

All the nine lakes are located in the front of the West Branch of Ganjiang River and the tail of Xiuhe River, and their hydrological characteristics are affected by the hydrological situation of Jiangxi branch of Ganjiang River, Xiuhe River and Poyang Lake. The annual variation trend of water level in the reserve is consistent with that of Poyang Lake. The monthly average water level is the highest in July, followed by August, and the lowest in January, followed by December. The highest water level of Wucheng station on Ganjiang River is 22.29m and the lowest water level is 10.46m. The highest water level of Duchang station over the years is 21.78m, and the lowest water level over the years is 8.84m. The annual maximum water level of Wucheng station on Ganjiang River and Duchang station on Poyang Lake generally occurs from May to September. The annual minimum water levels of the two stations are 10.46-12.61m and 8.84-11.63m, with the annual average values of 11.34m and 9.77m respectively, which generally occur from December to march of the next year.

The average temperature of Poyang Lake is 18.3 ℃, 1.2 ℃ higher than the average temperature. Over the years, the extreme minimum water temperature is 0 ℃ and the extreme maximum water temperature is 37.8 ℃. The monthly average water temperature is the highest in August and the lowest in January, with an annual range of 21.8 ~ 26.0 ℃ and an average of 24.3 ℃. During the flood season, the lakes and Caozhou in the nature reserve are submerged by the flood and integrated with the great Poyang Lake. The lake flow is mainly huff and puff flow. In the middle and low water level period, the gravity type lake flow is the main one, and in the middle and high water level period, the jacking type lake flow is the main one, and the reverse flow type lake flow often occurs. The flow direction of the jacking type lake flow is basically the same as that of the gravity type lake flow. The West Branch of Ganjiang River and Xiuhe River are the rivers entering Poyang Lake with higher sediment concentration, with annual sediment discharge of 2.84 million tons and 2.246 million tons (including suspended load and bed load) respectively. The sediment concentration of lake water changes with the change of water level. The reserve is the area with serious sediment deposition in Poyang Lake. The average annual silting height of the river bed at the end of Jiangxi branch of Jiangxi Province is about 20 mm. The silting speed of the natural dyke is relatively slow, about 10-15 mm. The silting speed of the depression in the natural lake dyke is very slow, all below 1.5 mm / year.

Historical evolution

In 1983, the provincial nature reserve was established with the approval of Jiangxi Provincial People's government.

In 1988, it was promoted to a national nature reserve with the approval of the State Council.

In 1992, it was listed as one of China's 40 A-level protected areas by the Ministry of forestry and the World Wide Fund for nature. In the same year, it was listed in the list of international important wetlands.

In 1997, it was included in the crane protection network of Northeast Asia.

Chinese PinYin : Po Yang Hu Hou Niao Bao Hu Qu