Ming Lu Mausoleum

The Ming Lu mausoleum is the mausoleum area for the burial of Zhu Tan, the tenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang. The cemetery originally covers an area of more than 70000 square meters, and the enclosed area of the underground palace is more than 10000 square meters. It is a typical Ming Dynasty Prince cemetery with grand scale and elegant buildings. It is also the most complete Tomb of the Ming Dynasty excavated and the most abundant cultural relics unearthed after the liberation of Shandong Province.

Tomb of King Lu of Ming Dynasty

synonym

The tomb of the king of Lu in Ming Dynasty is generally designated as the tomb of the king of Lu

Ming Lu tomb, also known as Lu Huang mausoleum. It is located 12.5km northeast of Zoucheng City, Jining City, Shandong Province, north of Shangzhai village, Zhongxindian Town, and south of Jiulong Mountain.

Covering an area of about 70000 square meters, it was built in 1390, the 23rd year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty.

The tomb of the Ming Dynasty is the tomb of Zhu Tan, the king of Lu Huang, his son Zhu Zhaohui, the king of Lu Jing, and Tang Fei and Ge Fei, the king of Lu Huang,

Among them, Zhu Tan's mausoleum is the most magnificent.

The tomb garden of King Lu of Ming Dynasty is large in scale, but it has been damaged in all dynasties. It has a history of more than 600 years. From 1970 to 1971, with the cooperation of the local army, the archaeological team of Shandong museum made a scientific archaeological excavation of it. More than 2000 pieces of cultural relics were unearthed, some of which were discovered for the first time and well preserved, with important historical value. It can be called the first Mausoleum of Prince in Ming Dynasty.

In 2006, the tomb of King Minglu was announced as the Sixth Batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

Until 2019, it is still the most abundant Tomb of Ming Dynasty unearthed in Shandong Province

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Historical evolution

The king of Lu is Zhu Tan, the tenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Tan was born on February 17, the third year of Hongwu (March 15, 1370). He was canonized as king of Lu on May 2, the seventh day of April in the same year. On October 21, the 18th year of Hongwu (November 23, 1385), Yanzhou government was established. From then on, Yanzhou was upgraded to a prefecture with jurisdiction over four prefectures and 23 counties. Zhu Tan was good at poetry, calligraphy and etiquette since he was a child. He was a virtuous corporal. He was very knowledgeable and loved by Zhu Yuanzhang. Later, he believed in Taoism, burning incense and chanting sutras all day long, burning alchemy and seeking the medicine of immortality. As a result, he "baited gold and stone medicine and poisoned his eyes". He died on December 16, 1922 (January 12, 1390) at the age of 20. When Zhu Yuanzhang learned that his behavior was absurd, his posthumous title was "Huang".

This is where the Royal Mausoleum of Lu Huang came from. In the important area of the cemetery, there is a Ming tower, which is not found in the tombs of other vassal kings. It is estimated that this was the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and the king of Lu died early. There is no relevant system to restrict and regulate the relevant tombs, so only the Imperial Mausoleum can have the Ming tower.

In order to show their status and dignity, Chinese emperors advocated "burying with filial piety", and did not hesitate to use a lot of manpower and material resources to build huge mausoleums. The construction of Zhutan mausoleum was a huge systematic project at that time. Only excavation and expansion, filling and sealing soil, the amount of earth and stone used is about 200000 cubic meters. Fengshui treasure land was chosen, and the large-scale mausoleum was built for it, regardless of human and financial resources. Huangwang mausoleum is backed by Jiulong Mountain (the first peak of Jiulong Mountain, known as "dragon head", also known as "Xuanwu"), with Wohu mountain in the East, Yuquan mountain in the West (also known as "Qinglong" and "Baihu"), and Zhuque mountain in the south. According to the ancient "four gods orientation", the cave is located. In the book of rites, Qu Li Shang: "before the journey, zhuniao followed Xuanwu.". Baima spring is the source of Baima River. The mausoleum is high, facing the sun and the water, surrounded by mountains and rivers, luxuriant trees and picturesque scenery. It is not only a beautiful place in the world, but also a typical Ming Dynasty Prince cemetery. The mausoleum area originally covers an area of 70000 square meters, which is large-scale and solemn. It is divided into two parts: mausoleum and underground palace.

In the winter of 1969, under Chairman Mao's call of "digging deep, accumulating grain extensively, not seeking hegemony", Zoucheng people discovered the tomb passage when digging the air raid shelter in Jiulong Mountain, and immediately reported it to the cultural relics department. From the spring of 1970 to 1971, archaeologists from Shandong Provincial Museum, Jining City and Zou County, with the cooperation of relevant departments, excavated the underground palace of King Lu's tomb (King Lu Huang), and unearthed more than 1100 pieces (groups) of various funerary objects.

It is not only the largest underground palace found in Shandong Province, but also the largest underground palace in the north of Jingnan river.

In the winter of 1985, the municipal Party committee and government of Zoucheng City, based on the principle of "rescue first, protection first", under the guidance of the cultural relics and tourism departments of Shandong Province, formed a special team to re excavate and reinforce the tomb path, implement the relocation of the villagers in the cemetery area, and restore the ground buildings of the cemetery. Since 1986, Zoucheng Municipal People's government has invested a large amount of money in the restoration and construction of the tomb of King Lu, which lasted for two years and made great progress. The cultural relics management office of the tomb of King Lu has been established, with nearly 300 copies of cultural relics arranged according to the original appearance of the tomb. It was officially opened to the public on March 17, 1988 for tourists to visit.

In 1992, Shandong Province listed the tomb of King Lu of Ming Dynasty as a provincial cultural relic protection unit. In March 1993, the management office resumed the construction of the tomb of the king of Lu, making it a whole with the tomb of the king of Lu.

geographical environment

The tomb of Ming Lu king is located at the south foot of Jiulong Mountain, 25 miles northeast of Zoucheng City, Jining City, Shandong Province, at the junction of Qufu and not far from Yanzhou.

There are nine Lianfeng in Jiulong Mountain, entering Qufu from south to north. The whole mausoleum area is in a commanding position. According to Zou county annals, "the Ming Lu wasteland King Garden is in Jiulong Mountain." In the village of Shangzhai, 200 meters away from the front of the tomb, there are still traces of the building "Hall of enjoyment". Originally, they were all built with more than 40 cm long green bricks, which are 1.4 meters thick. From the intermittent wall base, the original shape system can still be seen. The cemetery is 206 meters long from north to South and 80 meters wide from east to west. There is a partition wall in the center, which is divided into two courtyards, the front and the rear, with the rear high and the front low.

More than 60 meters to the west of the tomb of King Lu of Ming Dynasty, there is the tomb of Princess Ge. The overall shape of the tomb of King Lu of the Ming Dynasty is similar to that of the Dingling Mausoleum of emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing.

Architectural pattern

There are three parts in the tomb area of Ming Lu King: guide, cemetery and mausoleum. The outer wall is 1200 meters long from north to South and 800 meters wide from east to west, with a total area of about 70000 square meters. The mausoleum is 206 meters long from north to South and 80 meters wide from east to west, which is the first mausoleum for princes of the Ming Dynasty. The main buildings in the cemetery are Royal Bridge, Mausoleum gate, two gates, hall of enjoyment, Ming tower and underground palace.

Among them, the underground palace of King Lu Huang's tomb is 26 meters deep from the earth's surface, the total length of the tomb passage is more than 50 meters, and the total length of the tomb chamber is 20.6 meters. It is divided into two chambers, with a "t" shape on the plane and an area of about 13000 square meters. It is about 200000 cubic meters of earth and stone work.

Main buildings

Surface architecture

Memorial archway, Royal Bridge

Starting from the memorial archway, the ground buildings in the Ming Lu King's tomb area successively built Shinto, stone statues, Lingxing gate and inner and outer walls to the north. 150 meters to the north of Lingxing gate, the East and west sides of the gate are the slaughter Pavilion and the Jufu hall. Because it was destroyed in the war in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, its shape and specification have not been studied. But outside the lingxingmen site, there is an east-west River, which is the waiyuqiao site.

inner city

The inner city is 40 meters away from the Royal Bridge. Before the restoration, the ruins of the original site still exist. There are three gates in the south wall, namely the tomb gate and the middle gate, which are about 3.6 meters wide, and the left and right gates are about 3.2 meters wide. The middle gate is only high, and the side gate is low. It is a door opening type Dougong building. There are 3.7 meters high, 0.7 meters wide and 1.4 meters thick walls around, which are of ice plate eaves masonry structure. The walls are made of 40 cm long green bricks, which are extremely strong. In the early years, turrets were built at the four corners of the city wall to protect the mausoleum. The layout was rigorous and different.

Kuan en men and Dian

There is a partition wall in the middle of the inner city, which is divided into two courtyards. The front yard is slightly larger than the back yard, which is high in the back and low in the front. The second gate, also known as the yan'en gate, is built on the same central axis with the south gate. It is a four Ying three door wooden structure with the eaves of Xieshan. The outer side of the wall is made of green bricks.

The hall of enjoyment in the middle of the backyard is also called the hall of grace. The platform is 33 meters wide from east to west and 20.4 meters long from north to south. In front of the hall, there is a platform 10 meters long and 15 meters wide with jade railings. The hall is the main building in the mausoleum. After the Qing Dynasty was toppled, it was changed into three Guandi temples, which were damaged during the "Cultural Revolution". In 1987, the foundation was restored according to the original specifications. The existing 26 column foundations are still relics of the Ming Dynasty.

Fangcheng minglou

Along the three gates of the cemetery, you can reach the third part of the mausoleum area, facing Fangcheng minglou, which is 13 meters high and 7.5 meters high. It is of brick and stone structure, with xumizuo at the bottom and a square platform at the top. There are parapets on the East, South and West sides, a low wall on the north side, and stone steps on the East, West and north sides. The Ming tower is built on the square city with flying eaves and a bucket arch. It has four doors on all sides. The original Ming tower has a neutral stele, and the front of the stele is engraved with regular script "the mausoleum of Lu Fan's Wasteland king".

Underground architecture

Graveway

The passage of the tomb is straight to the south, the outer entrance is wide, and gradually narrow to the inside, showing a slope shape of high outside and low inside. The inner entrance is 3.9 meters wide, and 1.5 meters away from the diamond wall in the north. The third wall, also known as the gate sealing wall, is 8.86 meters high and 1.6 meters thick. It gradually widens downward in the shape of a stone wall. The base of the wall extends outward into the passage. The wall is made of big bricks.

Behind the wall is red gold

Chinese PinYin : Ming Lu Huang Wang Ling