Jianghaiguan

Shanghai Customs of the people's Republic of China

synonym

Jianghaiguan generally refers to Shanghai Customs of the people's Republic of China

Shanghai Customs is the state's entry and exit supervision and administration organ at Shanghai port, and is directly under the customs of the people's Republic of China. The main tasks are: in accordance with the Customs Law of the people's Republic of China and other relevant laws and regulations, to supervise the means of transport, goods, luggage, postal articles and other articles entering and leaving the country through Shanghai port, to collect customs duties and other taxes, to investigate smuggling, to compile customs statistics and to handle other customs business.

On May 9, 2019, Shanghai Customs announced that in the first quarter of this year, the overall clearance time of import and export in Shanghai Customs area was 31% and 23% shorter than that at the end of 2018, respectively

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Evolution of organizational system

Shanghai Customs is one of the oldest customs in China. It has been 324 years since the Qing government set up Jiang customs in Shanghai in 1685. In February 1950, the Government Affairs Council issued an order that Jiang customs changed its name to Shanghai Customs of the people's Republic of China. At present, Shanghai Customs has 49 organizations, including 20 offices (including anti smuggling Bureau), including office, laws and Regulations Department, supervision and customs clearance department, document review department, post office, processing and trade department, customs and Excise Department, 8 on-site business offices (including anti smuggling Bureau), Pudong, Airport, Wusong, Pujiang, Waigaoqiao, Yangshan and Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone A total of 275 supervision points have been set up, including 14 subordinate customs offices, 6 other institutions including Shanghai Branch of the national customs classification Center for import and export commodities, Shanghai commodity price information office of the General Administration of customs, Shanghai Branch of China E-port data center, and 1 temporary institution in Shanghai World Expo Park.

Shanghai Customs adheres to the 16 character policy of "administrating according to law, controlling for the country, serving the economy, and promoting development" and the 12 character requirement of "strong politics, excellent business, and trustworthy" team building. It takes the scientific outlook on development as the guide, the improvement of the ability and level of customs service as the main line, the deepening of reform, the courage to innovate as the driving force, and the implementation of risk management as the central link With the grass-roots construction as the breakthrough point, we will continue to promote the second step development strategy of the modern customs system, be realistic and pragmatic, forge ahead, and have the courage to be the vanguard of the national customs modernization.

Historical evolution

Ancient Shanghai pass

(1113-1842)

1. The origin of Shanghai Customs and the shipping organization in Song Dynasty.

According to the records of the essentials of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the third year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1113), the municipal shipping service was set up in Huating county (now Songjiang District of Shanghai), which is the origin of Shanghai Customs, the first overseas trade administration organization in Shanghai. The Department of municipal shipping was a full-time organization of the ancient Chinese government in charge of maritime entry and exit affairs, similar to the current customs, with branches of municipal shipping affairs and municipal shipping yard. The municipal shipping department, the municipal shipping department and the municipal shipping yard happen to be equivalent to the customs, department and section level of the current customs institutions. Its main functions are to manage entry-exit ships, goods, business travel, collect customs duties, dispose of goods, implement prohibitions and other tasks. From 1130 to 1132, although there was no shipping agency in Qinglong Town port, some shipping personnel began to perform official duties in the port. In 1130, the fourth year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Wuji, the shipping department of Zhejiang Province, proposed that foreign ships could directly berth at Qinglong Town port and pay taxes to buy, instead of sailing into Huating town. Huating port's shipping department sends a person in charge of weighing to Qinglong Town port in turn every month, and the tax officer in Qinglong Town is responsible for the tax collection. In this way, the measurement and tax collection are managed separately, and the money and goods are separated. It can be seen that the separate management of measurement and taxation and the separation of money and goods at that time were not only conducive to the prevention of fraud by shipping personnel, but also conducive to the two ports to master the import and export situation of foreign trade materials. From the end of JINGDING in Song Dynasty to the beginning of Xianchun (1264-1265), Shanghai had been formally established as a town, and set up a shipboard promotion branch in Shanghai (the shipboard branch was moved here from Qinglong Zhengang). Shanghai Gangzhen was developed on this basis in modern times and modern times, and its specific position is equivalent to the current southern urban area of Shanghai near the Huangpu River. According to Jiaqing's annals of Shanghai county, the earliest time Shanghai set up a city ship was 1074.

2. Shanghai shipping department in Yuan Dynasty.

Shortly after the formation of Shanghai town, the Southern Song Dynasty was replaced by the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, attached great importance to the development of foreign trade. In 1277, he established seven famous shipping departments in Quanzhou, Qingyuan (now Ningbo), Shanghai, Shupu (now Haiyan), Guangzhou, Wenzhou and Hangzhou. Therefore, the development of ancient Shanghai port should start from Yuan Dynasty. Fei * was the first official of Shanghai shipyard in Yuan Dynasty. He was an official of Shanghai shipyard in the late Southern Song Dynasty. In view of the illegal acts of some port city ship officials, the Yuan government formulated 22 rules of "city ship rules", which forbids corrupt officials to buy and sell goods. The ancient shipping department of Shanghai established a relatively thorough registration and management system for ships and goods. When dealing with overseas trade and coastal trade, Chinese shippers must first declare to local officials and municipal shipping department the names, quantities and places of arrival of the goods and personnel carried, and apply for "public certificate" or "public certificate". In case of violation, "two years' imprisonment and five hundred miles' custody". When the Chinese and foreign berths enter the port, the local officials first send troops to "make up the fence" (that is, the meaning of surveillance) to prevent leakage. Then, together with the municipal shipping department, they will send personnel to board the ship to "seal up the weapon Causeway" and check the registered goods (called "check the actual goods"). In terms of the regulations on the market ship, the most complete existing regulations on the market ship in ancient China are the regulations on the market ship in Zhiyuan (also known as the regulation of the activities of the market ship Department) promulgated in the thirtieth year of the Zhiyuan era (1293). There are 22 articles in the code concerning ship management. In addition to the above-mentioned registration, certification and inspection points, the code also stipulates that vessels are not allowed to change their routes to unauthorized places. Local officials are not allowed to occupy the ship, and local officials and city ship officials are not allowed to order the ship Shang Dynasty to bring goods. Violators will be punished severely. For example, Article 7 of the Zhiyuan shipyard regulations stipulates that "the shipyard shall ask for a public inspection, and still call the guarantor Baoming, and the dentist shall collect his companions, and some of them shall get off the ship to buy goods and go to a certain place for brokerage.". According to the survey, the ship's owner, leader, storekeeper, boatman, chore, leader, companion, strength of the ship, height of the masts, length of the hull "。 When applying for the public inspection of the permit for going abroad, the shipowner must be the guarantor; in the public inspection and certificate, the owner of the ship (the owner of the ship, also known as the board owner and the financial owner), the captain (the master, usually the owner of the ship, or a big businessman), the direct storehouse (the person in charge of weapons and other equipment), the boatman (the helmsman) and the chore (the man in charge of daily life) must be filled in The names of logistics personnel, department leaders (persons in charge of various parts of the ship), personal companions (small and medium-sized businessmen who are in company with others) and so on. There are also Articles 9, 11, 12, 14 and 19, which have detailed and strict regulations on the declaration, registration and inspection of ships and goods. The 22 articles of Zhiyuan shipboard regulations are the most complete customs regulations in ancient China. They have clear provisions on the basic duties, specific procedures, and even the punishment scale of smuggling of the customs, such as supervision, taxation, and investigation of smuggling. What's more surprising to the readers is that this ancient customs law was produced in the historical background of combating corruption and fraud. From the first year to the 17th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1280), Wang Nan, the shipping official of Shanghai, proposed to the government the tax policy of "double taxation of vassal goods and single taxation of local goods", which was approved by the government for implementation. This differential tariff policy has played a positive role in protecting the interests of domestic businessmen.

3. Shanghai shipping department in Ming Dynasty.

In the first year of Yongle (1403) of Ming Dynasty, Xia Yuanji was appointed by Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty to dredge Wusong River and excavate fanjiabang to form a wide new river -- Huangpu River. Since then, the regional economy has developed rapidly. However, due to the "sea ban" policy of Ming Dynasty, foreign trade has declined. In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the city shipping department was set up in Huangdu (now Shanghai) of Taicang, Jiangsu Province. Foreign trade ships mainly berthed in Liujiagang, but they were removed after only three years. Instead, the city shipping department was set up in Ningbo, Quanzhou and Guangzhou.

4. Jiang customs in Qing Dynasty.

Modern Shanghai pass

(1843-1949)

1. After the Opium War broke out, the Qing government was forced to sign the Customs Tariff successively under the pressure of Britain, the United States, France and other powers, which led to the loss of China's tariff autonomy and the formation of semi colonial customs. In 1854, Wu Jianzhang of Shanghai Daotai and the consuls of the United Kingdom, the United States and France reached an agreement on the organization of jianghaiguan customs and formed the "jianghaiguan Customs Administration Committee". The administrative power of jianghaiguan was lost, the system of foreign customs was established, and the nature of semi colonial Customs was deepened. On December 6, 1911, the right of custody of customs revenue and expenditure fell into the hands of Anglian, the British General Revenue Department, and the semi colonial Customs was fully formed.

2. Shanghai became an important trading port in China. On September 26, 1843 (November 17, 1843), jianghaiguan set up an inspection center on the North Bank of Yangjingbang (now the Bund of Yan'an East Road), marking the official opening of Shanghai as a foreign port. Marx and Engels in Russia in the Far East

Chinese PinYin : Jiang Hai Guan