Tarim River

Tarim River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Tarim River, in Uyghur language, means "horse without rein" and "field, farming". Located in the northern Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It originates from Tianshan Mountains and Karakorum Mountains, flows along the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, passes through the south of Aksu, Shaya, Kuqa, Luntai, Korla, Yuli and other counties (cities), and finally flows into taitema lake.

The main trunk of Tahe River was first injected into Lop Nur, and then it was diverted due to the decrease of river water volume and the swing of river course. Before 1972, the tail water could reach taitema Lake in the north of Ruoqiang County, and then it retreated to Daxihaizi reservoir in tieganlik. Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been water flowing back to taitema lake. Tarim River is the mother river in southern Xinjiang. The oasis in the south of Tianshan Mountain is irrigated by Tarim River.

The Tarim River basin covers an area of 1.02 million square kilometers. With a total length of 2179 km (2327, 1321, or 2376 km from Hetian River), it is the longest inland river in China and the fifth largest inland river in the world.

Name source

Tarim River is an ancient river. According to the historical records in the 6th century, Tarim River is called Jishi water, which was used until the early Tang Dynasty. Shuijingzhu is called "Nanhe" and "erseguole" in western regions is the meaning of "overflowing water" in Mongolian. Later, it is also called jishushui and jishoushui, which are different in translation. According to the records in the draft of Qing history, the river in the early Qing Dynasty was named Tarim River, which means a horse without rein in Uyghur language. It describes that the river often changes its course, like a wild horse. In the waterways of the western regions written by Xu Song in 1819, the 24th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, it is said that "Huiyu (Uyghur Language) means" arable land ", which is called Tarim. It is said that people living along the river take farming as their occupation." In the 11th century, Mahmoud Kashkari, a famous Uygur linguist in China, annotated in the Turkic Dictionary: "tarrm" is a Turkic language, "a River tributary flowing into a lake or desert."

General situation of main stream

River course

Tarim River is formed by the confluence of Hetian River, Yeerqiang River, Kashgar River and Aksu River near xiaojiake, Awati county. There is a small island in the middle of the confluence of the four rivers. It is recorded in a brief account of the source of the river in the Qing Dynasty that "the confluence of the four rivers is like a bullpen.". Therefore, the mainstream of Tahe River starts from xiaojiake in Awati County, flows eastward through the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, turns southeast near qunke, and finally flows into taitema lake to the north of Ruoqiang. According to Xinjiang local information network, the area of Tahe River Basin is 18000 square kilometers, which should refer to the area of the main stream

According to the general information, the total area of the basin is 1.02 million square kilometers, which should be correct

.

According to Xinjiang local information network, the main stream of Tahe River is 1249 kilometers long (1321 kilometers in some data)

）。 The length of Hetian River and Yeerqiang River is 1127 km and 1078 km respectively in the headwaters of the upper reaches of the river (1179 km recorded)

）Kashgar river is 555km long and Aksu River is 593km long. If the Hotan River is taken as the main stream (the main source), the total length of Tarim River is 2376 km (or 2448 km). Because the Yeerqiang River has the largest volume (or 1179 is the length of the Yeerqiang River), generally the Yeerqiang River is the main stream of the upper reaches (that is, the main source). The total length of the Tarim River is 2327 km (or 2500 km). However, some data suggest that the total length is 2437 km

. General information is recorded as 2179 km

.

Taking Yeerqiang River as the main source, the area where zeta river passes through is administratively subordinate to Aksu City, Shaya County, Xinhe County, Kuqa County, Luntai County, Korla City and Yuli County of Bayinguoleng Prefecture, as well as 15 regiments of the first agricultural division and the second agricultural division of the production and Construction Corps.

The water sources in the upper reaches of Tarim River are decreasing. After the construction of Bachu Xiaohaizi reservoir in the Yeerqiang River in the 1960s, the amount of water discharged decreased sharply; after the construction of Tarim barrage, upstream reservoir and other water diversion projects in the Aksu River in the 1960s, the amount of water discharged also decreased continuously; many water conservancy projects were built in the upper reaches of Hetian River, except for the amount of water discharged during the flood period, there was no water in other periods Let it go. After the completion of Daxihaizi reservoir 2 in 1972, the river channel was blocked and the river bed below the reservoir dried up. Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been water flowing back to taitema lake.

Aksu city is located in the lower reaches of Aksu River, the middle branch of the source of Tahe River. Aksu River flows through the west of Aksu City from north to south. In the west suburb of Aksu City, it is divided into two branches, Aksu New River and Aksu old river. The Xindahe river flows through the city for 113 kilometers, and the laodahe river flows through the city for 104 kilometers. The two rivers converge with Hotan River, Yeerqiang River and Kashgar River in Jiahezi town to form Tarim River, crossing the south of the city and heading east.

Shaya county is located in the upper reaches of the Tarim River. The river flows from Tuohai pasture in Aksu to kamayalang pasture in Shaya. Shaya is located in the middle and upper reaches of the river, which is the most abundant inland water area. The two rivers flow through the land, which has become fertile farmland. It is the main agricultural area in Shaya. The exploitation of groundwater in the alluvial plain of Tarim River is 121 million cubic meters. There are four lakes on both sides of the Tarim River, most of which are salty water. They are all distributed in swamps and barren places, and have no breeding value. There are 3.4 million mu of Populus euphratica forest on both sides of Tarim River, which is a national key Populus euphratica forest reserve.

Kuqa county is located in the middle reaches of the Tahe River. Tarim River passes through Tarim Township in the south of the county. It originates from Kuqa River and Weigan River at the south foot of Tianshan Mountain and enters Tahe plain from north to south.

Luntai County is located in the middle reaches of the Tarim River, the topography of which is Tarim River Plain, high in the north and inclined to the southeast. Tarim River passes through the south of the county from southwest to East for 106 kilometers, and there are nine mountain rivers, the larger one is Dinar River, with the total available water resources of 873 million cubic meters.

Along the Tarim River, there are 420000 mu of natural Populus euphratica forest, the largest, most densely distributed and best surviving living fossil in the world.

Korla City is located in the middle reaches of the Tarim River, which flows from west to east from the south of Korla City. The average annual runoff of inbaza station is 2.876 billion cubic meters. There are 10000 mu of cultivated land in Puhui No.1 District of Korla City for irrigation, and another 400000 mu of ecological vegetation rely on its overflow flood to maintain its life. Since the 1980s, the water quantity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River has decreased sharply. It is mainly used as ecological water. It diverts 30-40 million cubic meters of water every year, accounting for about 1% of the total water quantity of the Tarim River.

Yuli County is located at the beginning of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The Tarim River is 254 kilometers in the county. Kongque River, a tributary of Tahe River, flows through Yuli County, as the North Branch of Tahe River, to Lop Nur.

Along the coast of dunkuotan Township, there is a 4A tourist attraction luobulen village.

Taitema lake is the tail lake of Tarim River. After 19 consecutive ecological water transfers for many years, by 2018, the area of taitema lake has expanded to 511 square kilometers, and 223 square kilometers of wetland has been formed around the lake. The ecological environment has been greatly improved.

Channel characteristics

The main stream of Tarim River can be divided into upper, middle and lower sections: the upper section is above yangjibaza, where the riverbed is not bifurcated, the lateral erosion is strong, the meandering flow is developed, and the riverbed is unstable; the middle section is from yangjibaza to qunke, where there are many forks and lakes, where the flow overflows and disperses during flood period, and the main stream often changes; the lower section is below qunke, where the river channel is restored and unified, and the river water is leaked, evaporated and diverted from the upper and middle sections After irrigation, there was not much left. Because of the construction of the daxihai reservoir between qunke and tieganlik, only a small amount of river water could flow to the British Soviet Union, and only water could be discharged into the taitema lake during the flood period.

The Tarim River flows through the desert area, and the riverbed is usually silt and sandy loam, which is easy to be scoured. The river bed in the upper and middle reaches is generally more than 1 km wide, with a maximum width of 3-4 km. The river gradient is about 1 / 5000; the downstream riverbed gradually becomes a narrow and deep section from Kala, Yuli County, with a width of 200-300 meters. Tarim River is a primitive river course. There are few dykes along the river. It is allowed to overflow in flood season. Wild plants grow luxuriantly in the floodplain area, mainly including Populus euphratica forest, Salix mandshurica and various forages. In the middle reaches of the river, the terrain is gentle and there are many depressions, the water flow is scattered and interpenetrated with each other, the water network is disordered, the river bends are developed, and the water lakes are connected.

hydrographic features

The water quality at the mountain pass where the four sources of Tahe River flow out is good, and the water quality category is 1-2, which can meet the needs of life, agricultural irrigation and fishery breeding. The water quality of the source stream is better than that of the main stream, and that of the upstream is better than that of the downstream. Due to the influence of geographical environment factors and farmland drainage, the water quality of the main stream in non flood season is poor, and the salinity of the river has exceeded the standard of saline alkali area, and the water quality category is more than 5.

The annual average sediment concentration of rivers on the south slope of Tianshan mountains ranges from 2.0 kg · M3 to 5.6 kg · m3, that of rivers in Kunlun Mountains and Altun Mountains ranges from 2.0 kg · M3 to 11.5 kg · m3, that of rivers in Pamir and Karakorum Mountains ranges from 2.9 kg · M3 to 5.9 kg · m3, and that of rivers in the middle and lower reaches of the main stream of Tahe River ranges from 4.1 kg · M3 to 5.0 kg · m3.

Annual average sediment transport

Chinese PinYin : Ta Li Mu He