Millet

Millet

(Ben Jing)

[synonyms] Baizhi (Wupu materia medica), Zhumu (Lei Gong Paozhi Lun), Chijie (bielu), baismilax (rihuazi materia medica), fenzhisu (Materia Medica from the new), Jingang (King Kong), rigidIn (plant name and reality map chief editor), shantianshu (sweet potato, local yam) (Quanzhou materia medica), shujiatou (Guangdong traditional Chinese medicine 5 (11): 5001960).

[source] the tubers of Dioscorea zingiberensis, Dioscorea zingiberensis, Dioscorea zingiberensis or Dioscorea tenuifolia.

[plant morphology] 1. Dioscorea zingiberensis, also known as Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Rhizoma Coptidis and Rhizoma Dioscoreae.

Perennial twining vines. Rhizome transverse, close to the ground, bamboo like. Leaves alternate, triangular heart-shaped, or ovate lanceolate, apex acuminate, edge wavy, leaves nearly black after dry, often covered with white powder. Flowers are unisexual, dioecious, male inflorescence spicate, single generation, 2-3 branches clustered in leaf axils, flowers at the base of inflorescence usually 2-3 gathered together, to the top of inflorescence usually solitary; stamens 3, anther septum widened after opening, staminodes 3, sometimes present, often alternate with developing stamens 3; female inflorescence spicate, solitary, rarely twins, female perianth 6, ovary inferior, staminodes in shape Flowers filiform, stigma 3-lobed. The capsule is retroflexed and drooping after ripening, with wings wider than or nearly equal to the length, chestnut brown on the surface, and dehiscent at the top after ripening. Seeds surrounded by membranous wings, usually overlapping, inserted in the center of each chamber. The flowering period is from May to August. The fruit period is from June to October.

Distributed in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places.

② Dioscorea zingiberensis, also known as: snakehead grass.

Perennial twining vines. Rhizome transverse, bamboo like. Stem slender, sinistral. Single leaf alternate, triangular cordate or ovate lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cordate or subtruncate, margin undulate, leaf surface black when dry, rarely grayish brown, below grayish brown; petiole shorter than leaf blade. Flowers unisexual, dioecious; male inflorescence spicate, solitary or 2-3 branches clustered in leaf axils; male perianth discoid, apex 6-lobed, lobes long ovoid, yellow, stamen 3, anther ovate, anther septum widened after opening, often 1-2 times of anther, short forked, staminode 3; female inflorescence spicate, solitary, rarely twins; female perianth 6, ovoid, staminode filiform, under ovary Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule, wing tip slightly broad, surface chestnut brown. Seeds oblate ovoid, chestnut shell color, winged. The flowering period is from May to August. The fruit period is from June to October.

In the hillside sparse forest or forest edge. Distributed in Fujian, Taiwan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places.

③ Cotinus miliaceus

Perennial herbaceous twining vines. Rhizome transverse, cylindrical, irregular divergent. Stems slender, rarely more than 2 m tall, longitudinally furrowed. Leaf blade apically triangular, apex apical to 7-cordate. Flowers unisexual, dioecious; male inflorescence racemose or panicle, 1 to several axillary; male inflorescence petiole, bract and bracteoles 1, perianth 6, oblong, 3 of which are wider, stamen 6; female inflorescence spike or panicle, solitary, rarely rebirth. Capsule, wing tip slightly wide, surface chestnut brown; seeds borne at base of each locule center. Seeds flat, ovate, upper wing more than 1 times wider than seeds. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruit period is from August to October.

Most of them grow under the sparse forest or bamboo forest, along the wet place of the gully. It is distributed all over the south of the Yangtze River.

④ Slender Dioscorea, also known as: white millet, tielinggang, white ginger, white potato, white Lian.

Perennial twining vines. Rhizome transverse, bamboo like. Stem sinistral, long cylindrical. Leaves alternate, basal leaves sometimes 3-4 whorls; leaves ovate heart-shaped, apex acuminate, basal heart-shaped, entire or microwave shaped, margin with obvious rodents, veins usually 7, rarely 9; petioles and leaves nearly equal in length. Male inflorescence spicate, solitary in leaf axils; male inflorescence solitary, sessile, bracts ovate, bracteoles lanceolate, perianth discoid, lobes 6, oblong, stamens 3, connective width about 1 / 2 of anther, undeveloped stamens 3, reduced to clavate; female inflorescence spicate, solitary; perianth lobes 6, lanceolate, staminodes 6, ovary inferior, stigma 3 branched. Capsule with 3 wings, wing semilunar, about 2.8 cm long, about 1.3 cm wide, apex nearly flat or slightly concave, surface chestnut brown, apex dehiscent at maturity; seeds 2 per chamber, with membranous wings. The flowering period is from May to August. The fruit period is from June to October.

Most of them live under sparse forest on hillside and in wet valley. It is distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Anhui.

[collection] both in spring and autumn. After digging out, wash and remove the fibrous roots, slice and dry in the sun.

[medicinal material] 1

It is the dry rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis or Dioscorea opposita. The thickness of the slice is about 1-3 mm, with irregular edge or brownish black skin; the surface of the slice is yellowish white, flat and fine, with powdery and irregular yellow veins, which is very significant to light. Solid and elastic, easy to break. Odorless, sweet and light. It is better to be dry, yellow and white, large and thin, elastic, neat and unbroken.

It is mainly produced in Zhejiang. It is also produced in Guangdong and Guangxi.

② Cottonseed millet

It is the dry rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis. Most of the products are vertical or oblique cut discs with different sizes and thickness of 2-3mm. The outer skin is grayish yellow, thick and curly. The surface of the slice is light yellow and white with rough veins. It is soft and easy to break. Odorless, slightly bitter. Dry body, white color and even film thickness are preferred.

Mainly produced in Zhejiang, Hubei and other places.

The rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis var. Fuzhou, which is also used as a medicine, is produced in Fujian.

In addition, it is the rhizome of Smilax glabra and Smilax glabra in Liliaceae. It is also used in Yunnan, Sichuan and other places. In addition, please refer to the article "red millet".

[chemical constituents] the rhizome of Dioscorea esculenta mainly contains diosgenin. It also contains diosgenin, diosgenin a (the aglycones of the above saponins are diosgenin), diosgenin, yonoside, tokenin-1-glucoside and other saponins. Diosgenin is an insecticidal component in Dioscorea opposita. Diosgenin was isolated from the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis with the contents of 1.2% (Jiangsu), 2.1% (Zhejiang) and 1.35% (Yixing, Jiangsu); tokenin was isolated with the contents of 0.06% (Jiangsu), 0.09% (Zhejiang) and 0.32% (Yixing, Jiangsu); yamgenin was isolated with the contents of 0.04% (Jiansu) and 0.10% (Zhejiang); yonotogenin was isolated with the contents of 0.06% (Jiangsu), 0.09% (Zhejiang) and 0.32% (Yixing, Jiangsu); yamgenin was isolated with the contents of 0.04% (Jiansu) and 0.10% (Zhejiang); yonotogenin was isolated with the contents of 0. In addition, a small amount of 25-iso-spirosta-3,5-diene was isolated, which may be the dehydrated product of diosgenin during hydrolysis. Yonotogenin, tokenin and kaugagenin were isolated from aerial parts. The above ground parts contain a considerable amount of free jonogen and tokenin except seeds. There are traces of free diosgenin in the underground part, and the others are saponins. The seeds contain tokenin, and almost all of them are saponins. Diosgenin, jonogenin, tokenin and tigenin were isolated from female flowers. Diosgenin, jonogenin, tokenin and kaugagenin were isolated from male flowers.

The rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis contains diosgenin and Diosgenin. The Diosgenin content of rhizome from Zhejiang Province was 1.03%.

The rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis contains diosgenin and a small amount of yam saponin. The rhizome from Xishan of Kunming contains diosgenin 2.2%, starch 20.59%, crude protein 14.35%, tannin 1.3% and crude cellulose 11.6%.

Diosgenin can be used to synthesize corticosterone.

[pharmacological action] diosgenin or diosgenin in the rhizome of Dioscorea opposita has insecticidal effect. Diosgenin and clarithin also have antifungal effects.

Dioscorea zingiberensis from the Soviet Union has therapeutic effect on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Its saponins can dilate peripheral blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, enhance the movement of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, increase blood glucose, resist chemical convulsion in mice, and improve the permeability of gastrointestinal and other tissues in rats.

Bitter and smooth.

① Ben Jing: "bitter, flat. "

② Bielu: "sweet, nontoxic. "

③ "Diannan Materia Medica": "the nature is slightly warm, the taste is slightly sour. "

[channel tropism] into the liver, stomach and bladder channels.

① "Into the liver, spleen, bladder channel. "

② "Gangmu": "enter the Foot Yangming and Jueyin meridians. "

③ "Lei Gong's treatment of medicinal properties": entering the spleen, kidney and bladder. "

Functions and indications: dispelling wind and removing dampness. Treatment of rheumatism stubborn Bi, waist and knee pain, adverse urination, drenching, spermatorrhea, damp heat sores poison.

① "Ben Jing" says: "it's good for waist and back pain, strengthening the joints of bones, wind and cold, dampness, arthralgia, ulcers, heat. "

② Bielu: "anger in injury. Yin flaccid drowning, joint blood, the elderly five slow. "

③ According to the theory of medicinal properties, "the treatment of cold wind stubborn Bi, waist and foot failure, hand and foot shock, the main man arm and low back pain, long cold, is between the kidney bladder water. "

④ Rihuazi materia medica: "it can treat paralysis, relieve soft wind, head rotation, epilepsy, replenish water, strengthen muscles and bones, benefit essence, improve eyesight, stroke and aphasia. "

⑤ Wang Haogu: "tonifying liver deficiency. "

⑥ "Diannan Materia Medica": "it can cure wind cold, warm meridians and collaterals, pain in waist and knee, numbness all over the body, benefit bladder and waterway, and make red, white and turbid stool. "

⑦ "Gangmu": "treatment of turbid, stem pain, hemorrhoids pruritus bad sores. "

[usage and dosage] oral administration: decoction, 3-5 yuan; or into pills, powder.

[should avoid] kidney deficiency and yin deficiency should not be taken.

① "Yiyiren is the envoy of the book of Materia Medica. It is composed of root of Phoebe, rhubarb, bupleurum, oyster and Peucedanum. "

② "Ben Cao Jing Shu": no dampness in the lower part, Yin

Chinese PinYin : Bi Su