Nerium oleander

Nerium oleander

(a textual research on the names and facts of plants)

[synonyms] junayi and jugaer (detailed record of bamboo spectrum), qinawei and liuyetao (hundred years of Huali), Jiaodong (taxonomy of Chinese trees), shuigancao (Modern Practical Chinese Medicine), jiujiezhong and dajiezhong (Hunan medicinal records), baiyangtao (Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine).

[source] it is the leaf or bark of oleander.

[plant morphology] oleander

Evergreen shrubs, up to 2-5 m high. Leaves with short petiole, 3-impeller, few opposite, leathery, long lanceolate, 7-19 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, apex pointed, entire, base cuneate, dark green above, light green below, parallel to pinnate veins. Cyme terminal; flowers purplish red or white, fragrant; calyx purple, outside densely pilose, upper with 5 triangular lobes, inner base with glands; corolla funnel-shaped, 5 lobes or double petals, dextral, covering each other; stamen 5, adnate to tube orifice, filaments short, with long white hairs, anther apex with filiform appendages, dense white hairs, spirally twisted and extending out of corolla Ovary 2-locular, style terete, stigma mitrate. 2 long follicles, about 15-18 cm long. The flowering period is from August to October. Cultivated species have flowers all year round.

It is cultivated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Yunnan, Hebei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

[collection] all year round. Dry or fresh.

[chemical constituents] the leaves contain a strong heart component, mainly oleanoloside C, which is a glycoside composed of oleanologenin and oleanolose. It also contains oleanoloside a, oleanoloside B, deacetylated oleanoloside C, etc. The content of cardiac glycoside in leaves was the highest at flowering stage. It also contains triterpenoid saponins (the aglycones are ursolic acid and oleanolic acid), rutin, rubber inositol, etc.

The bark contains oleanderin a, B, D, F, G, h, K, etc. it is a variety of glycosides of digitoxin and utagenin.

The root contains phenolic crystalline substance, volatile oil, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and triterpenoids.

The flowers contain hydroxyl digitoxin, utagenin, digitonin, oleanderin h, etc.

(1) cardiotonic effect

1. Oleander crude preparation: it has been proved in early years that domestic oleander has significant cardiotonic effect, which is effective in leaves, stems, skins, woods and flowers. The effect of leaves is stronger than that of flowers. The results showed that the ethanol extracts from the leaves of Hunan and Fujian oleander had cardiotonic effects on frog, cat heart, dog heart and lung apparatus, and the electrocardiograms of cat and dog. The results showed that the ethanol extract from the leaves of Nerium indicum was absorbed rapidly in the intestine, but not completely (up to 52.7%); the effect of the extract from the leaves of Nerium indicum produced in Fujian Province was similar to that of the extract from the leaves of Nerium indicum, and the absorption was regular, but the absorption rate was still lower than that of digitoxin, and its accumulation was between that of acteoside and digitoxin, close to that of oleanolide C. The amorphous powder from the leaves of Nerium indicum also had a significant accumulation effect. The results showed that the extract and alcohol extract had diuretic effect on guinea pigs and rats; the decoction and alcohol extract had sedative effect on mice, which had an effect on heart rate at this dosage. The sedative effect (inhibiting spontaneous activity and prolonging the sleep time of pentobarbital in mice, antagonizing the increase of activity induced by small or medium amount of caffeine and amphetamine in mice) may be one of its components Cardiotonin or aglycone. ② Oleander glycoside C (oleander glycoside C) was first proposed from oleander. It is known that oleander in China also contains this active ingredient, which is the same as oleander glycoside C. In the study of isolated hearts of guinea pigs and rabbits, in situ hearts of frogs and dogs, and electrocardiograms of cats, it has been proved that glycoside C extracted from oleander has the action characteristics of cardiotonic glycosides, and the action intensity is between that of helianthin and digitalis. In the aspect of action speed (pigeon test), glycoside C C belongs to bradykinic glycosides. Compared with digoxin (31%), digoxin (25%) and daucosteroside g (no absorption), the absorption rate of pigeon was 53% 3 hours after oral administration, and that of cat was 50% 3 hours after oral administration, which was also higher than that of acteoside (27%). For non anesthetized cats, the same effect can be achieved only when the oral dose is twice the intravenous dose. The ratio of oral to intravenous injection was 1.4-1.6. In the gastrointestinal tract, it is not destroyed, but has obvious accumulation. The elimination amount is 56.3% in three days, and the excretion is finished in 15 days. The biological activity: glucoside C is 0.368 ± 0.032 mg / kg (pigeon) and 0.27 ± 0.0095 mg / kg (CAT), which is lower than that of o.17 ± 0.01 mg / kg (pigeon), about 1 / 2 or lower, but higher than that of digoxin 0.544 ± 0.44 mg / kg (pigeon) and digitalis o.777 ±_ 071 mg / kg (pigeon). Therefore, it is more safe to use oleanol extract (6.6) than the other two. Glucoside C is stable to heat and has strong emetic effect. Low concentration of vasodilator, high concentration of vasoconstrictor; a small amount of inhibition of uterine contraction, a large amount of increase in its tension. It has no hypnotic effect on cats. When the patients could not tolerate digitalis and strobiloside, oral glucoside C could still tolerate. The diuretic effect was weaker than digitalis.

② Other functions

The results showed that leaves had mild inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice, and leaves and root bark had excitatory effect on isolated guinea pig uterus.

Bitter, cold and poisonous.

① "The taste is bitter, the nature is cold.". "

② "Guangxi medicine plant atlas": "slightly bitter, has the big poison. "

③ "Nanning medicine annals": "bitter, pungent, flat, with small poison. "

④ Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine: "pungent, warm, highly toxic. "

Functions and indications: strengthening heart and diuresis, eliminating phlegm and asthma, relieving pain and removing blood stasis. Treatment of heart disease, heart failure, wheezing, cough, epilepsy, traumatic injury, swelling and pain, amenorrhea.

① Lingnan caiyao Lu: "abortion, Tongjing. "

② "Scientific folk herbs": "Ye: strengthen heart, diuretic, expectorant. "

③ "Lu Chuan Materia Medica": "Ye: analgesia, removing blood stasis. It can cure swelling and pain of traumatic injuries. "

④ "Chinese medicine plant atlas": emetic. "

⑤ "Investigation of plant medicine in Shaanxi Province": "Zhenjing. "

⑥ "Tongli joint". "

[usage and dosage] oral administration: decoction, 1-3 points; Yanmo, 3-5%. External use: tamping.

[should avoid] pregnant women should not take it. It is not suitable to take it for a long time. If it is too much, it will lead to poisoning.

[selection] ① for heart disease and heart failure: green leaves of oleander (not old or tender) were wiped with wet cloth and dried at 60-70 ℃. For adults, take 1-1.2% per day for two to three times on the first day; take 8-1.2% per day for two to three times on the second and third days, and reduce to 3% or less per day when the condition improves. (Hunan medical records)

② Treatment of asthma: seven leaves of Nerium indicum and a small cup of sticky rice. With mash, add sugar porridge food, but should not take more. (collection of herbs in Lingnan)

③ Treatment of epilepsy: oleander leaflet three, iron fall two. Take it three times a day and finish it two days. (Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine)

[clinical application] oleander has cardiotonic effect similar to digitalis, and its biological potency is higher than that of digitalis. Therefore, oleander has been used in heart failure caused by various reasons, and has achieved good curative effect.

① Preparation, dosage and usage

At present, it is not unified. Although the fresh leaves of safflower or Nerium indicum were used as medicinal materials in clinic, they may have different biological potency due to different collection time and selection of tender and old leaves. Generally, green leaves that are not old and tender are used, and some are old leaves picked in autumn. After collecting the leaves, wipe them with a wet cloth, dry them in a 60-70 ℃ incubator, sift the powder, and take them orally in capsules or tablets. There are many differences in usage and dosage: take 0.2-0.3 g in the first day, 2-3 times, and then use it according to the symptoms and heart rate under close clinical observation; after the condition is improved, the dosage can be changed to 0.05-0.1 g per day, and continue until the symptoms and signs disappear. (2) take 0.3-0.4g on the first day, 2-3 times; take 0.2-0.3g on the second and third days, 2-3 times; reduce to 0.1g or 0.05g per day as the maintenance dose after the curative effect occurs, and continue until the symptoms disappear completely. The dosage of oleander was 0.3-0.6 g, which was completed in 1-2 days, and the maintenance dose was 0.1 g per day. 1 g each time, 3 times a day at first, 2 times after 1-2 days, and 1 time after 2-3 days. According to the patient's condition and drug reaction, the number of times of administration and the time of drug withdrawal can be controlled at any time. 5. Take 0.2 g each time, 2-3 times a day; or take 0.2 g for the first time, then 0.1 g, 3 times a day; after heart failure control, change to maintain 0.1 g, 1 time a day. Six @ on the first day, adults take 0.06-0.09 g, 1-2 times; later, they take 0.06 g, once a day or twice; after the curative effect, they take 0.03-0.06 g, 1 time a day, as the maintenance dose. It is considered that the starting dose should not exceed 0.09 g per day and the maintenance dose should not exceed 0.06 g per day. In addition, some units use different methods to prepare the leaves of Nerium indicum. Method a: after several sunny days in the middle of September, collect the older leaves around 12 noon, wash and dry them, and then grind them into capsules. 60 mg each time, 2-3 times a day, take 2-3 days, then use maintenance dose 25-100 mg per day, most of them daily

Chinese PinYin : Jia Zhu Tao