earthworm

earthworm

(Ben Jing)

[synonyms] Zhezi, lichan (Erya), Qiuxian (Huainanzi), guduan (gaoyinzhu of Huainanzi), Fuzi, Hanzhu, Hanzhu (Wupu materia medica), Wanxian, yinwu (Guangya), Quxian (cuibao's gujinzhu), Quyu (xiaopinfang), Tulong (bielu), dilongzi (theory of medicinal properties), Dilong (shenghuifang), Qufu and tuxian (compendium) The collection of Guizhou folk prescriptions.

[source] it is the whole body of Lumbricidae, such as Eisenia shenhuanensis or Eisenia dorsalis.

[animal morphology] 1

The body is cylindrical, 11-38 cm in length and 5-12 mm in width. The head consists of two parts: the preoral lobe and the peristomal segment. The peristomal segment is ventral to the mouth, which is covered with fleshy leaves, namely the preoral lobe. From the second node, each node has setae, arranged in a ring, along the dorsal midline, from 11 to 12 nodes, there is a dorsal hole between the nodes. The dorsal part is purple gray, the posterior part is slightly light, and the setae are slightly white; 14-16 segments are genital bands without dorsal pores and setae, and the setae are relatively thick and hard in the former segments of this band. One female reproductive foramen, located in the middle of the scar surface of the 14th node; one pair of male reproductive foramen, located on both sides of the ventral surface of the 18th node, surrounded by the outer effective strip, three pairs of fertilizing sac foramen, located between the 6 ~ - 7, 7 ~ 8, 8 ~ 9 nodes, without septum between the 6 ~ 9 nodes. There is often papillary process near the seminal vesicle. The seminal vesicle is spherical, the tube is short, the blind tube is also short, and the inner 2 / 3 of the seminal vesicle is slightly curved for several turns.

They live in damp and loose soil and are slow to move. It feeds on humus rich in organic matter. It is distributed in Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, etc.

② Vermis dorsalis

Body length 10-27 cm, width 3-6 mm. The internodes are gray brown from 9 to 8. There are 4 pairs of setae in each segment, and the reproductive ring is saddle shaped between the 26th and 34th segments. One pair of female genital foramen, located at the 14th node, and one pair of male genital foramen, located at the ventral side of the 15th node. There are two pairs of fertilizing sac foramen, which are located between 9-10 and 10-11 internodes.

It grows in moist and organic places. It is distributed all over the country.

[collection] 1

Harvest from July to September. According to the experience of Guangdong Province, we can mash the fresh Polygonum hydropiper into paste, add tea and water, pour it in the place where there are many earthworms for trapping, mix it with straw ash after catching, soak it with warm water, remove the mucous membrane outside the body, cut the abdomen, wash the sediment inside the body, and dry or bake it in the sun. The commodity is called guangdilong.

② Vermis dorsalis

Harvest from June to September. Choked to death with plant ash after catching. Wash off the dust, dry or dry. The commodity is called "land dragon".

[herbal medicine] 1

After drying, the whole body is long and thin, and the head end and tail end still keep the original shape. They are not straight, slightly pointed in front of the body, with a mouth in the center, blunt and round at the end. The back of the body is brown or gray red, and the abdomen is light in color. There is a ring at the front end, which is light in color. The body wall is thick. It is not easy to break, and the section is yellow and white. It's fishy and salty. It is better to be big, fat, unbroken and mud free.

Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and other places.

② Land Dragon

The mouth is at the sharp end, the anus is at the blunt end, the ring is not obvious, the body surface is gray brown, often with soil. Light weight, easy to break, broken, filled with soil in the middle. It's fishy and salty. It is better to be big and unbroken.

Mainly produced in Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Fujian, Anhui and other places.

[chemical constituents] all kinds of earthworms contain earthworm antipyretic base, earthworm element and earthworm toxin. Guangdilong contains g-hydroxypurine and so on. Earthworms also contain nitrogen-containing substances such as alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine and other amino acids, as well as xanthine, adenine, guanine, choline, guanidine and so on.

The lipid fraction of earthworm contains stearic acid, palmitic acid, highly unsaturated fatty acid, straight chain odd carbon fatty acid, branched fatty acid, phospholipid, cholesterol and so on.

The Yellow cell of earthworm contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and pigments; the basic amino acids of earthworm include histidine, arginine and lysine; the yellow pigment of earthworm may be riboflavin or its similar substances.

Earthworm contains an enzyme which can dissolve earthworm at pH 8.0-8.2.

(1) antihypertensive effect

Guangdilong tincture, dry powder suspension, hot extract and decoction showed slow and lasting hypotensive effect on anesthetized dogs, rats, cats and chronic renal hypertensive rats. They had rapid tolerance to the hypotensive effect of intravenous injection of Dilong in anesthetized dogs and cats, but not in oral and clinical application. The mechanism of hypotension may be that it directly acts on the central nervous system above the spinal cord, or affects the central nervous system through some internal receptor reflex, causing some visceral vasodilation, leading to the decrease of blood pressure. Dilong B1 had significant hypotensive effect on anesthetized dogs, rabbits and normal and renal hypertensive rats. The hypotensive effect of Dilong B1 was first mild, transient and sudden, then slightly increased, and then slowly and persistently decreased. Its effect was not completely consistent with that of tincture, but it still retained the main hypotensive components in tincture, and the hypotensive effect of tincture was stronger and longer than that of hypoxanthine. It has also been reported that the ingredients from earthworm can reduce blood pressure to zero and cause animal death. Earthworm antipyretic base can make blood pressure drop slowly in rabbits, such as intravenous injection can produce shock like blood pressure drop. The results showed that the antihypertensive effect of Eisenia giraldii in Hezheng County of Gansu Province was the same as that of Eisenia japonica. The suspension and mixture of Haizhou Changshan and guangdilong in the ratio of 2:1 have synergistic effect on reducing blood pressure. The components of earthworm water, alcohol and acetone also had a transient or moderate hypotensive effect.

② Effects on smooth muscle

A kind of nitrogen-containing active ingredient was extracted from the root of guangdilong. It has significant bronchodilation effect on lung perfusion of white mice and rabbits, and can antagonize the contraction effect of histamine and pilocarpine on bronchus. When injected intravenously into guinea pigs, 50% of the animals can tolerate lethal dose of histamine. The injection prepared in recent years also showed bronchial relaxation effect on guinea pig lung perfusion, and it had protective effect on guinea pig asthma induced by histamine spray. It could resist the contraction effect of histamine on guinea pig isolated intestine. However, a kind of moist yellowish needle like crystal was put forward from guangdilong, which can increase the tension of isolated and in situ uterus and cause spasmodic contraction. The contraction wave of uterine fistula can be significantly increased by intravenous injection or gavage, indicating that this material seems to have a stronger effect on the longitudinal muscle of uterus. This crystal has a strong excitation on the in situ intestine of rabbits, and the isolated hind limb perfusion of rats can strongly constrict blood vessels The large dose caused mild bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. It is reported in Japan that the direct effect of Dilong extract is vasoconstriction, while the central effect is vasodilation.

③ Antipyretic effect

Earthworm water extract and earthworm antipyretic alkali had good antipyretic effect on rabbits with artificial fever caused by E. coli toxin and warm needling, but had no effect on fever caused by dinitrophenol. Its antipyretic principle: first, it acts on the thermoregulatory center, and then increases the heat dissipation and the heat production in the body, but the former exceeds the latter, so the body temperature drops.

④ Sedative and anticonvulsant effects

Hot extract and alcohol extract showed sedative effect on mice and rabbits. Dilong had antagonistic effect on convulsion induced by pentamethenyltetrazolium and caffeine, and it could also antagonize electric convulsion in rabbits and mice. For example, when it was combined with Haizhou Changshan, it had synergistic effect on convulsion induced by caffeine, but it could not antagonize convulsion induced by strychnine. Its ethanol extract did not affect spinal cord reaction of toad Shot and shechenov reflex. Guangdilong and wandilong. There was no difference in anticonvulsant intensity between viscera and epidermis of earthworm. After injection of Dilong extract, the content of serum calcium decreased, but the content of serum potassium and cholinesterase did not change significantly. In addition, the water-soluble components of water immersion, ethanol or propanol extracts have the effect of corneal paralysis in rabbits.

In early years, it was reported in Japan that both earthworm toxin and earthworm antipyretic base were toxic. Guangdilong injection was injected into the tail vein or abdominal cavity of mice and guinea pigs at 450-720 times of human dose. There was no death. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with LD50 of 95-115 g / kg. The median lethal dose of hot extract of visceral powder was 38.5 g / kg for intravenous injection in mice and 10 mg / kg of earthworm powder for intragastric administration in rats. There was no toxicity in 45 days. The toxicity of earthworm to rabbits, mice and dogs was low. There was no significant difference in the toxicity between Gansu hezhengdilong and guangdilong. The acute and even acute toxicity of Dilong combined with Haizhou Changshan was not enhanced. Dilong B1 can slightly reduce the renal excretion function (phenol red test) of rabbits.

It has also been reported that lung perfusion (guinea pig) with a Dilong extract has the effect of relaxing bronchus.

[processing] remove impurities, rinse with water, take out in time, dry in the sun and cut into sections.

"Compendium": "(earthworm) medicine, there are for the end, or water, or burning ash, each with the method. "

[flavor] salty, cold.

① Ben Jing: "it tastes salty and cold. "

② Bielu: "cold, nontoxic. "

③ "On medicinal properties": "there are small poisons. "

[meridian tropism] into liver, spleen and lung meridians.

① "Into the spleen meridian. "

② "Ben Cao Zai Xin": "entering the liver, spleen and lung meridians. "

Functions and indications: clearing away heat, calming the liver, relieving asthma and dredging collaterals. Treatment of high fever, mania, convulsions, wind heat headache, red eyes, stroke, hemiplegia, wheezing, throat, joint pain, toothache, dysuria, dysuria. Rashes and sores.

① Ben Jing: "master the snake, remove the three insects and kill the long ones. "

② Bielu: "treating typhoid fever, latent heat, mania, big abdomen, yellow fever"

Chinese PinYin : Qiu Yin