Apocynum venetum

Apocynum venetum

(Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine)

[synonyms] jijima (records of plant medicine in Jiangsu), zeqima, banghuacao, yecha (Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine), luobuhuan Er (Uygur name).

[source] it is the whole plant of Apocynum venetum.

[plant morphology] Apocynum venetum, also known as kenaf, wild hemp, tea flower.

It is a perennial herb, 1-2m high, with milk in the whole plant. Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves opposite, elliptic or oblong lanceolate, 2-5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, base rounded or cuneate, apex obtuse. With spines elongated by midrib. Margin slightly revolute, smooth glabrous; petiole short. Cymes on stems or branches; bracts small, membranous, lanceolate, apex pointed; calyx 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate or triangular ovate, ca. 2 mm long, covered with short hairs: corolla pink or lavender, campanulate, lower tubular, upper 5-lobed, corolla with 5-lobed inner base; nectary on disk margin; stamen 5-lobed; pistil 1-lobed; stigma 2-lobed. Green. The follicles are long horn shaped, yellowish brown with purple halo at maturity, 10-15 cm long and 3-4 mm in diameter. After maturity, the follicles dehisce along the thick veins and scatter seeds. Most of the seeds are yellowish brown, similar to jujube shaped, with long white hairs at the top. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruit period is from August to September (northwest and northeast).

Growing on sandy slopes, valleys, and banks. It is distributed in Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu and Northern Anhui.

[chemical constituents] the root contains cannabinoid, helianthin and k-helianthin - β. The leaves contain rutin, catechin, anthraquinone, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, potassium nitride, quercetin and isoquercetin. The whole plant contains neoisorutin.

(1) antihypertensive effect

The blood pressure of dogs with renal hypertension decreased from 194 / 142 mmHg to 152 / 100 mmHg 2 hours after intragastric administration of Apocynum venetum leaf decoction, and remained at a low level until 3 days later.

② Cardiotonic effect

The results showed that Potentilla canadensis contained in the roots of Apocynum venetum could increase the contractile amplitude and slow down the heart rate of isolated and in situ cat hearts, then arrhythmia and finally cardiac arrest in systole. Its action nature and speed were similar to those of helianthin. Pentobarbital sodium and other central inhibitors could weaken its cardiotonic effect. The extract of Apocynum venetum root also showed cardiotonic effect on the heart of cats. The efficacy of the same plants (such as Canadian hemp) used in patients with atrial fibrillation is worse than digitalis. If the dosage is enough to control arrhythmia, it often causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

③ The effect on experimental heart disease

Canadian ephedrine has a therapeutic effect on experimental cardiovascular insufficiency in dogs. The symptoms of acute circulatory disturbance of myocarditis in rabbits are alleviated. It can also prevent myocardial and coronary arteriosclerosis. This effect is better than that of daucosterol. It can make the changes of electrocardiogram of atherosclerotic rabbits return to normal, especially the contraction of coronary artery. It also has curative effect on hypophysin and thrombin induced atherosclerosis of coronary circulation insufficiency in rabbits, but it is weak. Can increase cardiac glycogen synthesis.

④ Other functions

Canadian ephedrine generally shows pressor effect and makes isolated rabbit ear vasoconstriction. The diuretic effect on rats was stronger than that of helianthin, erysimin and neriolin. The extract of Canadian hemp showed diuretic effect in small amount (rats), but decreased urine volume in large amount. This plant can increase renal blood flow, diuretic effect is strong, can be used for edema of heart failure and ascites of liver cirrhosis; the irritation of mucous membrane is stronger than digitalis, Convolvulus and other plants.

⑤ Absorption, accumulation

The dosage of new Galen preparation of Canadian hemp was 100 times higher than that of intravenous injection in cats, and it did not cause death, which showed that there was more damage in gastrointestinal tract. The extract from the roots of Apocynum venetum produced in Shandong Province accumulated 61.7% in 1 day, 58% in 1.5 days, and 34.3% in 3 days. Therefore, it has a certain accumulation, while Canadian ephedrine has little accumulation effect and is completely excreted on the fourth day.

⑥ Biological activity

The cat unit of Shandong Apocynum venetum extract was 3.19 mg / kg, which was lower than that of Canadian hemp glycoside 0.16 mg / kg. The cardiotonic effect and biological activity of the latter was weaker than that of helianthin K.

[flavor] sweet and bitter, cool.

① Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine: "it tastes light and astringent, has a cool nature, and has small poison. "

② "Xinjiang Chinese herbal medicine manual": "taste sweet and bitter, nature flat, there are small poison. "

Functions and indications: clearing fire, reducing blood pressure, strengthening heart and diuresis. Treatment of heart disease, hypertension, neurasthenia, hepatitis, abdominal distension, nephritis edema.

① "Breast milk can heal wounds. "

② "Chinese medicine plant illustrated book:" tender leaves, steaming, frying and kneading, have the functions of cooling, removing fire, preventing dizziness and strengthening heart. "

③ "Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine": "cool diarrhea fire, strong heart diuresis, lower blood pressure. For heart disease, hypertension, neurasthenia, nephritis and edema. "

[usage and dosage] oral: decoction, 2-3 yuan; or tea drink.

[prescription selection] ① treatment of hepatitis and abdominal distension: two dollars for Apocynum venetum, one and five cents for melon pedicel, two dollars for Corydalis, one dollar for gongdingxiang and three dollars for Muxiang. At the end of the study, five minutes a time, twice a day, with boiled water. (Xinjiang Chinese herbal medicine manual)

② Treatment of neurasthenia, vertigo, concussion sequelae, palpitations, insomnia, hypertension, cirrhosis, ascites, edema: Apocynum one to three money. Boiled water when tea to drink, not boiling. (Xinjiang Chinese herbal medicine manual)

[clinical application] ① treatment of hypertension

Every day with Apocynum venetum leaves 1 ~ 2 money, boiling water when tea to drink; or sooner or later time Jianfu. A total of 596 cases were treated, including 169 cases treated with Apocynum venetum leaf alone, 427 cases treated with Apocynum venetum because of unstable effect of other antihypertensive drugs, or both antihypertensive drugs and Apocynum venetum, and then consolidated with Apocynum venetum after blood pressure dropped to a certain extent. Results the symptoms disappeared or significantly relieved in 254 cases, and relieved in 212 cases, including 143 cases with blood pressure lower than 140 / 90 mmHg, 268 cases with systolic or diastolic blood pressure lower than 20 mmHg. The effective rate was 88.59%. The longer the medication time, the higher the efficacy, more than half a year up to 93.3%; but the efficacy of Apocynum and the length of the course of no significant relationship. It can relieve headache, vertigo, brain distension, insomnia, dreaminess and edema. It is suitable for stage I and II patients, or it can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of hypertension. Side effects: bowel sounds and diarrhea are more common; stomachache, bad appetite, dry mouth and bitter mouth occasionally occur; asthma or liver pain occasionally occur.

② Treatment of heart failure

Take dried Apocynum venetum root (chopped) 5 yuan (about 16 g), add about 300 ml of water, soak for 12 hours, fry for 1 hour with slow fire, cool and filter, get about 200 ml filtrate, add a little Nipagin ester, make 80% decoction. All patients with grade II or III congestive heart failure were given 100ml of decoction every time after admission, twice a day. When the heart rate is reduced to 70-80 beats / min, the maintenance dose is changed to 50 ml once a day. 50 patients with chronic congestive heart failure were observed. The cardiotonic effect was analyzed from 3 to 5 days after medication. The results showed that 31 cases were markedly effective (symptoms and signs were significantly relieved, heart rate slowed down to normal range), 16 cases were effective (symptoms and signs were improved to a certain extent, heart rate slowed down but not to normal) and 3 cases were ineffective. The heart rate of most patients gradually decreased to below 80 times in 3 days after taking medicine. The fastest one decreased to normal after taking medicine for 2 times, and the slowest one decreased to normal in 5 days. Other symptoms and signs of general heart failure also improved or disappeared significantly after it was reduced to normal. After that, the maintenance amount was changed. After treatment, some patients showed digitalis effect like changes on ECG, S-T segment declined obliquely and fused with T wave front segment. Side effects and toxic reactions: mainly in the digestive tract, nausea and diarrhea are the most common; if it can be reduced in time, the reaction can be reduced or disappeared, otherwise it will continue to develop and vomit. The main side effect of heart is the contraction before bradycardia, which can disappear after stopping the drug in time.

③ Treatment of edema

34 cases of edema caused by various reasons were observed by decocting Apocynum venetum with 4-5% water twice a day. The observed cases included 10 cases of renal edema, 10 cases of cardiac edema, 6 cases of liver cirrhosis edema, 5 cases of gestational edema, and 3 cases of other edema. Most of them were critically ill patients, and the effect of other diuretics was not significant. After taking Apocynum venetum root, 10 cases were markedly effective and 19 cases were effective. In addition to gestational edema, other patients generally have increased appetite, improved sleep, increased urine volume, edema subsided, blood pressure decreased and so on. Attention should be paid to potassium deficiency in treatment.

④ Prevention and treatment of cold

Use 500 grams of zeqima, add 5000 ml of water, fry to 2500 ml, add preservatives. Take 50-100 ml twice a day. Or made into 50% injection, 2-3 times a day, 2 ml each time, intramuscular injection. A total of 120 cases were treated, 107 cases were cured, accounting for 89.2%. The curative effect of wind cold type is better than that of wind heat type. During the treatment, it is found that zeqima has relaxation effect on tracheal smooth muscle. Some patients with asthma were relieved or disappeared after three days. It seems to be effective to take 50-100ml Decoction twice a day for prevention, but the cases are still few and need further verification.

Chinese PinYin : Luo Bu Ma