Duma

Russian State Duma

The State Duma of Russia (Russian: Γ остарстеннаядЪддддддддддддддддддддд. The qualification of the members is citizens aged 21 and above. The original term of office is four years.

Since 2008, the term of office of the State Duma has been extended to five years. In the sixth Russian State Duma election, which ended in December 2011, the United Russia party led by Vladimir vladimirovic Putin won the vote ahead of its opponent Boris vyacheslavovich grezlov and declared victory.

On February 14, 2014, the Russian State Duma finally passed the bill submitted by Russian President Vladimir Putin on restoring the Mixed Electoral System of the State Duma.

The origin of the name

The word "Duma" is transliterated from Russian (дЧ Ч) meaning "parliament"; and the word "Д Ч Ч Ч Ч" comes from the Russian verb "ддЧ Ч", meaning "thinking". Tsarist Russia was a feudal autocratic country. After the outbreak of the revolutionary movement in 1905, Tsar Nicholas II, in order to ease the political crisis, announced the convening of the "State Duma" from September to October of the same year and granted certain powers. In 1906 and 1907, the first and second national Dumas came into being, but they were soon dissolved. Later, the third and fourth national Duma came into being, with little power, but nominally the national parliament. After the victory of the October Revolution in 1917, the Soviet Union established the Soviet system of "the unity of Parliament and administration". After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia resumed the name of "State Duma" in 1993.

The State Duma of the Russian Federation was established in 1993. Before that, Russia followed the Soviet method. The parliament of the Soviet Union is the "people's representative Soviet", and its permanent body is the bicameral "Supreme Soviet", which is divided into the union house and the national house. In 1988, the Soviet Union carried out reform, the "people's representative Soviet" was renamed "the Soviet people's Congress", and its permanent body was still called "the Supreme Soviet". At that time, Russia did the same and established the "people's Congress of the Russian Federation", whose permanent body was the "Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation".

After the shelling of the White House in October 1993, President Yeltsin announced the abolition of the Soviet system and the establishment of a new federal parliament. His upper house was called the "Federal Council" and his lower house was the "State Duma".

History of Duma

City Duma

Since 1870, the European and Russian regions began to establish local autonomous urban divisions. All homeowners, tax paying craftsmen and workers were registered in their household registration by the government in accordance with their wealth status. After estimation, they were divided into three levels. Each group sent representatives to the city Duma on behalf of the three groups. The number of representatives of each group was similar. The administrative power of the city was vested in the elected chief mayor and a deputy However, Alexander III issued a decree from 1892 to 1894 that the city Dumas in each autonomous region must obey the governor appointed by the government. In 1894, the city was restricted more and more power, but some towns were set up in Siberia and Caucasus.

The State Duma in the era of tsarist Russia

Under the influence of the Russian Revolution in 1905, on August 6 of the same year, sergevitt issued a declaration to hold the State Duma. At first, the Duma was considered to be the same product as the Senate of the constitutional movement of the Qing Dynasty. After the October declaration was issued, Nicholas II promised that the parliament would be used to safeguard the basic freedom of the people. The State Duma would be formed with the participation of all walks of life It will be given the power of supervision and legislation.

However, Nicholas II actually wanted to retain his own autocratic power. Before the establishment of the Duma in 1906, he promulgated the constitution, which stated that the Czar did not lose the power to appoint ministers, did not have to take administrative and political responsibility to the Duma, and even could dissolve the Parliament at will.

Modern State Duma

The Russian State Duma is the lower house of the parliament of the Russian Federation, while the upper house is the Council of the Russian Federation. After the enactment of the new constitution in 1993, Article 95 stipulates that the Duma has 450 seats. According to Article 96, it is re elected every four years. At the end of 2008, it is changed to a five-year term. In 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003, half of the seats adopt the proportional representation system, and the other half adopts a single constituency However, in the 2007 Duma election, the new system was adopted, and all 450 seats were changed to the proportional system of political parties. According to Article 97 of the constitution, Russian citizens need to be 21 years old to compete for the Duma election.

election

survey

The Russian Constitution stipulates that "the State Duma is composed of 450 Representatives" and "is elected every four years". According to the electoral law of the Russian State Duma, 225 deputies of the State Duma are elected according to the party principle in the federal election. Only those parties with more than 5% of the votes can enter the State Duma and allocate seats according to the vote rate. The other 225 deputies of the State Duma are elected by majority vote in the election of "single seat" constituencies, that is, 225 constituencies are set up in the country, and each constituency produces one representative. The revised electoral law stipulates that since the fifth national Duma in 2007, there will be no single seat constituency, and all representatives of the national Duma will be selected by the principle of Party proportion, that is, all political parties will propose a list of candidates nationwide, voters will vote for political parties, and political parties will allocate seats according to the vote rate. The vote rate of political parties entering the national Duma will be increased to 7%, and political parties are not allowed to form The electoral union jointly proposed the list of candidates. In 2008, Russia amended its constitution to extend the term of office of the State Duma from four years to five years.

In May 2005, under the leadership of then President Vladimir Putin, the Russian parliament amended the law to change the electoral system from the mixed system to the proportional representation system on the list of political parties. Under the new electoral system, all 450 members of the national Duma are elected by the proportional representation system based on the list of political parties nationwide, and the threshold for the number of seats allocated to political parties is raised from 5% to 7%.

Number of Party seats in the State Duma

On September 18, 2016, Russia held the seventh State Duma election, and the results are as follows:

United Russia party: 342 seats

Communist Party of the Russian Federation: 42 seats

Russian liberal Democratic Party: 39 seats

Just Russia party: 23 seats

Russian National Party: 1 seat

Civic Platform party: 1 seat

No party membership: 1 seat

(updated on September 25, 2016)

powers

Although Russia implements the "separation of powers", the presidential power is great and the parliamentary power is small. It can be called "presidential centralization" or "super presidential system", that is, semi presidential system.

According to the constitution, the State Duma has the following functions and powers:

First, the president of the Russian Federation was agreed to appoint the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation government;

Second, to decide on the issue of trust in the government of the Russian Federation;

Third, to appoint or remove the governor of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

Fourth, appoint or remove the chairman of the audit institute and half of its auditors;

Fifth, to appoint or remove the plenipotentiary for human rights acting in accordance with the Federal Constitution and laws;

Sixth, to announce amnesty;

Seventh, the accusation of dismissing the president of the Russian Federation.

However, the laws passed by the State Duma are subject to the deliberation of the Federal Council (upper house), and the president has the right to veto them. The government is directly established by the president. If the State Duma refuses to pass the Prime Minister nominated by the president three times, or passes the bill of no confidence in the government twice, the president has the right to dissolve the State Duma.

To impeach the president, the State Duma must go through the following procedures:

More than one-third of the members of the State Duma "proposed"; the special committee of the State Duma made "conclusions"; more than two-thirds of the members of the State Duma passed "accusations"; the Supreme Court made a "conclusion" on the president's crime; the constitutional court made a "ruling" on "accusations in accordance with the prescribed procedures" and the crime was proved "; more than two-thirds of the members of the Federal Council (upper house) agreed. In this way, impeachment will be passed. Such a complicated and extremely difficult procedure actually makes impeachment of the president almost impossible.

function

According to the Russian constitution, the house of commons can:

A law passed by a simple majority is passed by the Federal Council (upper house) and signed by the president;

The constitution was amended by a two-thirds majority;

Overturning the Federal Council's veto of the bill by a two-thirds majority;

In conjunction with the Federal Council, the president's veto of the bill was overturned by a two-thirds majority;

To approve or reject the president's nomination of the prime minister;

Appointment of the Deputy auditor general and half of the auditors;

The motion of impeachment of the president was passed by a two-thirds majority.

President Duma

Russian President Vladimir Putin has proposed that the seventh State Duma members support Vyacheslav vorokin, deputy director of the general office of the Kremlin, to become the speaker of the new state house of Commons and the president of the Russian State Duma.

other

According to the voice of China's CCTV news, the Russian State Duma election has been held six times so far. What is the meaning of the Duma election with Russian characteristics and when did it start?

The word "Duma" is transliterated from Russian, meaning Parliament. The State Duma of Russia was established in 1993. Before that, Russia used the people's Congress of the Russian Federation established by the people's Congress of the Soviet Union. After the shelling of the White House in October 1993, Russian President Yeltsin announced the abolition of the Soviet system and the establishment of a new federal parliament. The upper house is called the Federal Council, and the lower house is the State Council

Chinese PinYin : Du Ma