Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat Sen (November 12, 1866 - March 12, 1925), whose name is Rixin, Yixian, Emperor Xiang, and pseudonym is Zhongshan Qiao, is a great national hero, a great patriot, a great pioneer of China's democratic revolution, the founder of the Republic of China and the Chinese Kuomintang, and an advocate of the three people's principles. For the first time, he held the banner of thoroughly anti imperialism and anti feudalism, "starting from the Republic and ending with the feudal monarchy for two thousand years.".
Sun Yat Sen was born in Cuiheng village, Xiangshan County, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province on November 12, 1866. Sun Yat Sen studied medicine in Hong Kong and became a doctor of Western medicine. After the Opium War, Sun Yat Sen saw that the Chinese nation was in danger of being divided up by the Western powers, so he decided to abandon the "medical career" and carry out the "medical cause". Sun Yat Sen was influenced by Zheng Guanying's thought of reform in his early days. Later, he saw clearly the corruption of the Qing government and was determined to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a Democratic Republic.
On November 24, 1894, Sun Yat Sen founded the Xingzhong society in Honolulu. In 1905 (the thirty first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the Chinese League was founded. On October 10, 1911 (the third year of Xuantong), the revolutionaries in the new army contacted secretly and decided to revolt that night. After the revolution of 1911, he was elected as the provisional president of the Republic of China (from January 1, 1912 to April 1, 1912). On March 12, 1925, Sun Yat Sen died of cancer in Beijing. On June 1, 1929, according to his last wish, he was buried in the mausoleum of Zijin Mountain in Nanjing. In 1940, the national government ordered the whole country to call it "the father of the Republic of China".
Sun Yat Sen wrote the general plan for the founding of the people's Republic, the outline for the founding of the people's Republic and the three principles of the people. His works were published many times after his death, including 11 volumes of complete works of Sun Yat Sen published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1986 and complete works of the father of the nation published by Taipei in 1969, 1973 and 1985.
Life of the characters
Childhood
Sun Yat Sen was born in Guangdong on November 12, 1866. He grew up in an ordinary family. After his brother sun Mei went to Maoyi island to reclaim wasteland and run ranches and shops, his family situation improved. In 1875 (the first year of Guangxu), Sun Yat Sen went to a village school to receive traditional education. Sun Yat Sen's father was a shoemaker in banzhangtang street of Macao when he was young. Since his childhood, Sun Yat Sen often traveled with his parents between Macao and his hometown, where Chinese and Western cultures mingled and prospered.
Hard exploration
In 1878, Sun Yat Sen, 12, went to Honolulu with his mother. His elder brother sun Mei supported Sun Yat Sen to receive western modern education in Honolulu, Guangzhou and Hong Kong.
In 1883, at the age of 17, Sun Yat Sen returned from Honolulu and went to Hong Kong to study in the same year. During his five years of studying medicine in Hong Kong, Sun Yat Sen, together with Yang Heling, Chen Shaobai and Jia lie, formed a small group known as the "four bandits". At that time, Yang Heling's "Yang Sikou hall" in Macao also became one of Sun Yat Sen's important activities in Macao. At that time, Sun Yat Sen thought that Li Hongzhang was different from the ordinary bureaucrats, but a person with innovative ideas.
Sun Yat Sen's early thoughts were greatly influenced by Zheng Guanying's. In the spring of 1892, Zheng Guanying compiled a five volume version of "the dangerous words of prosperous times" in Macao. The article "nonggong" written by Sun Yat Sen at that time was retouched by Zheng Guanying and included in the book. Sun Yat Sen graduated from the Hong Kong Academy of Western medicine in 1892. In September 1892, at the age of 26, Sun Yat Sen came to Jinghu hospital in Macao and became the first volunteer doctor of the newly established western medicine bureau, becoming the first Chinese Western medicine in Macao.
At the end of the 19th century, China had become a semi colonial and semi feudal society. Seeing that the Chinese nation was in danger of being divided up by Western powers, Sun Yat Sen decided to abandon his "medical career" and carry out the "medical country cause". He hoped that through Li Hongzhang, the Qing government could carry out the top-down social reform. In January 1894, Sun Yat Sen wrote "the book of Li Hongzhang", which focused on Sun Yat Sen's innovative ideas of imitating the western political system in order to make China rich and strong. After that, Sun Yat Sen and Lu Haodong went to Shanghai to visit Zheng Guanying, and introduced Sun Yat Sen to Tianjin to meet Li Hongzhang through Wang Tao, a new figure.
In June 1894, Sun Yat Sen and Lu Haodong went to Tianjin from Shanghai. They were eager to meet Li Hongzhang and talk about their ideas of saving the country. However, Sun Yat Sen did not see Li Hongzhang during his trip. At the same time, Sun Yat Sen saw the corruption of Qing government officials in Tianjin, which changed his thinking. Therefore, Sun Yat Sen and Lu Haodong left Tianjin and went to Honolulu via Shanghai.
On November 24, 1894, Sun Yat Sen founded the Xingzhong society in Honolulu, which means "rejuvenating China". From then on, Sun Yat Sen decided to "save the people from fire and water, help the generals of the mansion", and clearly put forward the idea of "expelling the Tartars, restoring China, and establishing a united government". For the first time, the program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing a Democratic Republic was put forward to the Chinese people. At the same time, Sun Yat Sen also completed the great transformation from reformist to Democrat.
Among the senior cadres who followed Sun Yat sen in his early years, Cantonese accounted for the largest proportion, such as Deng Yinnan, Lu Haodong, Yang Heling, Chen Shaobai, Gan lie, Li Jitang, Xie zantai, Cheng KuiGuang, Shi Jianru, Zheng Shiliang, Feng Ziyou, Wang Chonghui, Hu Hanmin, Zhu Zhixin, Liao Zhongkai, He Xiangning, Gao Jianfu, Chen Shuren, Gu Yingfen, Xu Chongzhi, Zou Lu, Deng zeru, Li Fulin, etc Most of these people are Cantonese speaking Hakkas. Sun Yat Sen's revolutionary funds were donated by overseas Chinese and businessmen, especially Li Yutang, Li Zizi, Jian Zhaonan and Jian Yujie.
In February 1895 (the 21st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Furen literary society, an organization of local patriotic intellectuals, was established in Hong Kong. In October of the same year, the Xingzhong society conspired to revolt in Guangzhou, and the incident failed. Sun Yat Sen was forced to die overseas.
In October 1896 (the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he was trapped by the Qing Embassy in London, England, and rescued by his British friend kangerli. After that, Sun Yat Sen inspected the economic and political situation of European and American countries in detail, studied various schools of political theories, and contacted with progressive people in European and American countries, resulting in the distinctive theory of people's livelihood, from which the thought of three people's principles was initially formed. In 1897 (the 23rd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Sun Yat Sen went to Japan to make friends with his officials.
In October 1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu), Zheng Shiliang was sent to Sanzhoutian in Huizhou, Guangdong Province to launch an uprising. After fighting for half a month, the rebel army was successful at first, and then failed because of the lack of equipment. After the reform movement of 1898, because of the activities of Japanese friendly people, Sun Yat Sen discussed the issue of cooperation with reformers represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. However, because the reformers insisted on protecting the emperor and opposed the revolution, the cooperation could not be realized.
join the revolutionary ranks
In 1894, Sun Yat Sen founded the Xingzhong society in Honolulu. Liu Xiang (store manager) and he Kuan (bank manager) were elected as the chairman and vice chairman. Sun Yat Sen drafted the constitution of the Xingzhong Association, which emphasized the seriousness of the national crisis caused by the imperialist invasion of China and stipulated that the main purpose of the association was to "revitalize China". He also drafted a secret oath to join the association and put forward the revolutionary idea of "expelling the Tartars, restoring China and establishing a united government". This is China's first democratic revolutionary program aimed at establishing a new system. Since its establishment, the association has established branches in some parts of Hawaii, with more than 100 members. Under the leadership of Sun Yat Sen, the Xingzhong society organized members to conduct military training and raised funds from patriotic overseas Chinese to prepare for the anti Qing armed uprising.
In 1905 (the thirty first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), revolutionary groups were established among overseas students from Belgium, Germany, France and other countries. During this period, they also established contacts with domestic revolutionary groups and revolutionaries. In August, Sun Yat Sen and Huang Xing founded a national Chinese Alliance of the bourgeois revolutionary party in Tokyo, Japan, on the basis of the Xingzhong society, Huaxing society and other revolutionary groups. Sun Yat Sen was elected as prime minister“
Expel the Tartars
The restoration of China, the founding of the Republic of China, average land rights
”The revolutionary tenet of the Communist Party of China was adopted as the program of the alliance. Sun Yat Sen put forward the idea for the first time in his speech published in Min Bao, the official newspaper of the United League
Nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood
Three principles. The establishment of the alliance effectively promoted the development of the national revolutionary movement. Sun Yat Sen sent people all over the country to organize and publicize the revolution. From 1905 to 1906, he also went to Southeast Asia to publicize and collect revolutionary funds from overseas Chinese, and set up branches of the alliance in some places. He spread the bourgeois democratic republic thought widely and made more people join in the anti Qing revolution. The criticism of reformists led by Sun Yat Sen made a strong ideological preparation for the outbreak of the revolution of 1911. From 1906 to 1911, the alliance organized many armed uprisings in South China. Sun Yat Sen formulated strategic policies for the uprising and went abroad to raise funds for the uprising.
When zhennanguan uprising took place in December 1907 (the 33rd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Sun Yat Sen also personally went to the front line to fight. Each uprising failed because of the lack of mass base and the lack of strict organization, but the revolutionaries fought bravely one after another, which dealt a heavy blow to the Qing government and greatly inspired the people of the whole country. In particular, the Huanghuagang uprising in Guangzhou on April 27, 1911 (the third year of Xuantong) caused a huge shock in the whole country.
Overthrow the monarchy
On October 10, 1911 (the third year of Xuantong), the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and all provinces responded one after another. After Sun Yat Sen learned the news in the United States, he returned to China in late December, and was elected by the representatives of 17 provinces with 16 votes in favor and 1 vote against
Chinese PinYin : Sun Zhong Shan
