Yu Shude

Yu Shude

Yu Shude (1894-1982), whose name is Yongzi, was born in Jinghai, Hebei Province. He joined the China Alliance in his early years. He took part in the 1911 Revolution. After entering Tianjin Beiyang political and law school, he was a classmate of Li Dazhao. In June 1922, Li Dazhao joined the Communist Party of China. He is one of the early disseminators of cooperative thought in China, and has a lot of research on cooperative theory. He has been engaged in cooperative work for a long time, and is one of the pioneers of credit cooperation movement in modern China.

Life of the characters

Learning experience

He joined the China Alliance in his early years. He took part in the 1911 Revolution. Later, he went to Tianjin Beiyang politics and law school to study with Li Dazhao. He graduated in 1917 and participated in the organization of Tianjin New China society. In 1918, he went to Japan to study at public expense. He went to Imperial University of Beijing to study. After listening to Professor Ho Shang Zhao's lecture, he began to contact with Marxism, but still believed in anarchism.

work experience

In 1921, he returned to China and participated in the organization of after work cram school in Tianjin to carry out the workers' movement. In the winter of the same year, introduced by Li Dazhao, he went to the Soviet Union as a representative of the new middle school. In early 1922, he attended the first Congress of the Communist Party and national revolutionary groups in the Far East in Moscow. He soon returned home and joined the Communist Party of China after Li Dazhao's introduction. On March 12, he took part in leading the establishment of the Tianjin Branch of the Socialist Youth League and was promoted to director. Later, he transferred to Hangzhou political school as a teacher. In September, the CPC Hangzhou group was established as its leader. In the winter of the same year, he returned to Tianjin as the leader of the Tianjin group of the Communist Party of China and led the preparation of the Tianjin prefectural committee of the Youth League. In the spring of 1923, he still taught in Hangzhou. In June, he went to Guangzhou to attend the third National Congress of the Communist Party of China. After the Congress, he took part in the reorganization of the Kuomintang.

In January 1924, he attended the first National Congress of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou, served as a member of the declaration Review Committee of the Congress, and was elected as the executive member of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. Soon he returned to the north to work. In April, the Beijing Executive Department of the Kuomintang was established as Minister of the youth department (Student Department) and actively assisted Li Dazhao in leading the reorganization of the Kuomintang in northern China. He participated in the organization and establishment of the provincial Party Department of the Kuomintang, and served as a standing committee member. Presided over the student movement in Beijing and Tianjin. In 1925, he participated in and led the activities of the National Conference Promotion Association to promote the national revolutionary movement in northern China. In the autumn of the same year, he went to Guangzhou to serve as a member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. In January 1926, he attended the second National Congress of the Kuomintang, reported on the Anti Japanese struggle in Beijing, and continued to be elected executive member of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. After that, he worked in the central organs of the Kuomintang. In late June 1927, he attended the Zhengzhou conference and served as a member of the Kaifeng political branch of the Kuomintang. After the failure of the first great revolution, he broke away from the organization relationship with the Communist Party of China and engaged in the teaching and research of rural cooperative theory for a long time. He was one of the earliest scholars in China to teach cooperative theory. In 1933, he participated in the mass activities of holding a public funeral and erecting a monument for martyr Li Dazhao in Peking.

During the Anti Japanese War, he participated in the organization of the Industrial Cooperation Association and later served as the deputy director general of the China Industrial Cooperation Association. During the war of liberation, he actively participated in the patriotic democratic movement.

Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, he has successively served as deputy director of the central cooperation administration of the Central People's government and deputy director of the board of supervisors of the all China Federation of supply and marketing cooperatives. He is a member of the second and third CPPCC National Committee and a standing member of the fourth and fifth CPPCC National Committee. He died of illness in Beijing on February 18, 1982.

Anecdotes of characters

Yu Shude, whose name is Yongzi, was born in tangguantun village, Jinghai County, Hebei Province on February 29, 1894. In his early years, he joined the league and joined the democratic revolution. He graduated from Zhili provincial law school in 1917. He joined the "new China society" and met Zhou Enlai. Before he went to Japan in 1918 to study, he supported Zhou Enlai to study in Japan. Yu Shude studied economics at Kyoto Imperial University and began to accept Marxism. He returned to China in 1921, taught at Peking University and became a close friend with Li Dazhao. In June 1922, Li Dazhao joined the Communist Party of China.

Yu Shude is also one of the early disseminators of cooperative thought in China. He has done a lot of research on cooperative theory and published many works. Since 1920, he has written such papers as "agricultural famine prevention and industrial association", "the management of industrial association", "China's ancient agricultural famine prevention policy - changpingcang Yicang and shecang", etc.; in 1921, he published "credit cooperative management theory", also known as "civilian bank theory"; in 1929, he published "cooperative theory and management"; in 1930, he published "consumer cooperative theory and practice" 》In 1934, handouts were published. In addition to publishing his works, he also spread the idea of cooperatives through lectures. From May to September 1926, when Mao Zedong was the director of the sixth Guangdong Peasant Movement Institute, Yu Shude taught the course "Introduction to peasant cooperation".

He not only spread the idea of cooperative, but also engaged in cooperative work for a long time. In 1923, he was employed as a co-operative instructor by China Huayang disaster relief association. In Xianghe County, Hebei Province, he used the disaster relief funds of the association to establish a German Rural Credit Union. It pursues the idea that disaster relief is better than disaster prevention, and the essence of disaster prevention is to help farmers develop production. In addition, we have sent people to study abroad for many times to learn from foreign successful experiences and hold cooperation seminars. By 1928, there were 569 credit cooperatives with 13711 members. At that time, the development speed of credit cooperatives was far faster than that of Germany, Japan and other countries. In October 1932, he also served as the acting director of the agricultural and profit unit of the association and the leader of the utilization group. During the Anti Japanese War, he served as deputy director general of China Industrial Cooperation Association. After the founding of new China, he came to Beijing from the south at the invitation of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. He successively served as a member of the second and third CPPCC National Committee, a member of the fourth and fifth CPPCC Standing Committee, and a deputy director of the board of supervisors of the all China Federation of supply and marketing cooperation.

Character argument

Yu Shude's cooperative thought mainly includes the following points

1、 Cooperatives can't eliminate capitalism. It's a reformist thought to think that capitalism can be eliminated through cooperatives. After the May 4th movement, in order to resist the oppression and exploitation of imperialism and feudalism, many patriotic people with lofty ideals went to Western Europe and Japan one after another to seek ways to save the country. Some advocate saving the country by science, some by education, and some by cooperatives. They believe that cooperatives are the best way to eliminate capitalism. They should not engage in fierce revolutionary struggle, infringe upon the rights of property owners, or confiscate one's property. Only by peaceful means such as cooperatives can we transform society and achieve world harmony. So the cooperative movement, on the one hand, is economic transformation, on the other hand, is social revolution. By that time, capitalism will not fall on its own. Similarly, socialism will not be talked about, and the social revolution will have triumphed. Yu Shude criticizes these cooperative thoughts according to Marxist viewpoint. He pointed out that it is wrong to think that cooperative organizations can replace capitalist organizations. It is impossible to make a peaceful transition to socialism only by cooperatives. The purpose of cooperatives is not to overthrow capitalism, nor to change the capitalist social and economic system, but to enable workers to alleviate their temporary difficulties in production and life through mutual assistance and cooperation, so as to maintain their survival under the capitalist system.

2、 Cooperatives in capitalist countries and colonies serve their social system, so they are encouraged by the government. Because cooperatives can not overthrow capitalism, but can alleviate the difficulties of workers in production and life, European and American governments "all advocate and reward them.". Through legislation, these capitalist countries limit the activities of cooperatives within the scope of their interests, so as to ease social contradictions and maintain the normal operation of the capitalist economy. As for the cooperatives run by Japan during its occupation of Taiwan, Yu Shude pointed out that they were colonial in nature. Taiwan cooperatives were developed under the colonial policy in the era of Japanese occupation. The reason why the Japanese tried their best to support Taiwan's cooperative cause was to plunder Taiwan's resources. It's like "if you want to drink milk, you have to raise cows. If you want to eat eggs, you have to raise hens. The stronger the cows, the better the milk, and the stronger the chickens, the better the eggs." this is the fundamental principle of Japan's support for Taiwan cooperation.

3、 The cooperative is an organization for the working people to safeguard their own economic interests. Yu Shude said that in rural areas, it can be divided into "rich and powerful peasants" and "small and poor peasants". The rich and powerful peasants rent their land to others for farming. They can rent their own land and have money. They can lend money and collect profits. They can also take advantage of the opportunity to annex the poor farmland. The poor peasants and small households have no half acre of land, so they can only rent other people's land, and they have to get rid of the tenancy every year before they own it. Therefore, to help these small-scale peasants, we must unite them and help each other, which requires the organization of cooperatives.

4、 Different cooperatives have different characteristics and functions. After discussing the commonness of cooperatives, Yu Shude also discusses the characteristics of various Cooperatives: credit cooperatives, also known as civilian banks. It is not only a lending organ but also a saving organ. Farmers can get low interest loans and high interest savings through credit cooperatives, and enjoy greater economic benefits; purchasing cooperatives can be divided into two kinds: one is the purchasing cooperatives of means of production, also known as raw material cooperatives, the other is the purchasing cooperatives of consumer goods, also known as consumer cooperatives. Most of these cooperatives are merged in rural areas and collectively referred to as purchasing cooperatives. The main purpose is to reduce the number of middle class businessmen

Chinese PinYin : Yu Shu De