Zhang Lian
Zhang Lian
Zhang Lian was born in Raoping County, Chaozhou Prefecture. He was a chivalrous man from a poor family. He was once a historian of raoyi. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (1522-1566), Zhang Lian, dissatisfied with the corruption of the imperial government, killed the clan leader and defected to Zheng Ba and Xiao Wan's volunteers in Dapu. After Zheng Ba died, he was pushed to be the leader. In May 1560, the armed uprising was officially launched. He called himself "the master of Feilong people" and the national name "Feilong". But in the end, it was defeated by the Ming army, and the rebel army suffered heavy casualties. So he led the rest of the army to the sea from the Yunxiao River, and united with the maritime armed forces to continue to fight against the Ming Dynasty. Later, he went south and occupied sanfoqi Island (today's Sumatra) as emperor. He occupied old port, Johor, Malacca and other places, and cultivated for fishing. He was also called pan boatman. Local Zhangzhou people, Quanzhou people and overseas Chinese immigrants all attached to him.
Life of the characters
Zhang Lian was born in xiacang, Wushi village, Shangrao County, Raoping County, Chaozhou. He was born in a poor family. He was a chivalrous man and was once a treasurer of raoyi. In the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (1522-1566 AD), the imperial court was corrupt and the taxes were harsh. Zhang Lian was the deputy leader of the Mumian village at that time. At first, he led a life of robbing the rich and helping the poor. Later, because of the corrupt officials in northern Guangdong, they colluded with the Japanese pirates and fish villagers, so he went down the mountain and broke up. Together with Zheng Ba and Xiao Wan in Tai Po, they organized the "white fan association" uprising. In the 37th year of Jiajing (1558 AD), Zhang Lian led more than a thousand volunteers to attack Hulei and then retreated from the south of the county. Zhang Lian was good at fighting and scheming. After Zheng BA's death, he was promoted to be the leader of the rebel army, and his influence grew stronger and stronger. He joined forces with Lin Chaoxi of Cheng township (now Meixian District of Meizhou City), Xiao Wan, Luo Pao and Yang Shun of Dapu, Zhang Gongyou and Lai Ci of Xiaojing, and Li Dongjin of white rabbit, and gathered 100000 people to form a blood alliance, and was embraced as commander-in-chief. In May 1560, Zhang Lian became emperor at baisongguan, the peace and peace border of Raoping. He called himself "the leader of Feilong people", the national name "Feilong", the official of the Department of science and technology, and granted luopao as the king. In wushipu, the imperial city was built as the base camp, and in zhangxiangtian, the "yellow house of Zhucheng" was built as the palace. Hundreds of small villages were built around it. In Raoping, Pinghe and Dapu counties, the area adjacent to the hills was reclaimed, and potato grain was cultivated to pay for the army. Since they are followers, they benefit the masses and build their own strongholds. In November of the 39th year of Jiajing (1560 A.D.), Xiao Xuefeng, a general of the flying dragon army, attacked Longyan, but was killed by Tang Xiangdu, a county magistrate. In 1561 A.D., the flying dragon army divided its forces to attack Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces. Lin Chaoxi led 30000 troops to attack today's Meizhou, Dapu, Xingning, Longchuan, Heping and other places; Xiao Wan and Luo Pao led 30000 troops to attack Yongding, Shanghang, Wuping, Changting in Fujian Province, and then moved to Ruijin, Ningdu, Xingguo, Wan'an, Taihe and other places in Jiangxi Province; Zhang Lian personally led 30000 volunteers to attack Pinghe County in May, and then fell into Yunxiao city in June to take advantage of the situation Haiwei, Zhouzhen. Nanjing was broken in August and Longyan was captured in December. After that, he went back to Nanjing, took Yongding and Liancheng as his plans, and took Changle, Xingning, Ningdu, Ruijin and Taihe to attack Longquan County in Zhejiang Province. It has been trapped in dozens of cities. The three route rebel army has been trapped in dozens of cities, and the flying dragon army has expanded from 100000 to 200000, which has shocked the three provinces of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. You Zhende, the governor of Fujian Province, was ordered to mobilize and command Wang Haotong's three armed forces. He and Peng dengzhen, the commander of Fuzhou City, led the local soldiers to join forces to fight against Zhang Lian's uprising. All of them were beaten by the rebels. Stunned, the governors of the three provinces deliberated and concluded that the wolf soldiers in the southwest frontier, who had been haunting the mountains for a long time and were famous for their ferocity, should be recruited and fought. As a result, the wolf soldiers were also defeated. The rebel forces echoed each other in the three provincial border areas, and Zhang Lian's party members harassed each other on the sea. For example, Zhang Lian ordered Wang Boxuan to lead the marine rebel forces to attack Chaozhou City. After that, Haifeng County was attacked all the time, resulting in "fierce mountain bandits, frequent coast guards, and difficult current affairs". Zhang Lian's army was invincible, such as a turbulent spring tide, which fiercely attacked the pillar of the southern sky supporting the Ming Dynasty, and even endangered the dominant position of emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty. Ming Shizong was as anxious as an ant on a hot pot. In February 1562, he ordered the three provinces to dispatch elite soldiers to fight against him. Zhang Zhen, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Chen Gui, the Bo of Pingjiang, mobilized more than 76000 troops from the three provinces to encircle and suppress. They took Liu Xian, the commander in chief, Wang Chong, and Yu Dayou and Zhong Kunxiu as the leaders, Feng Gaomo, Huang Fuhuan, He Jing, and Zhang Mian as the supervisors, and seven sentinels on land and water to launch attacks at the same time. In July, when Emperor Zongxian concurrently made Jiangxi Province, Zhilian came out far away and called Dayou to attack. Da you said: "it's better to pound the nest with a potential teacher. If you attack it, you will save it. How can you walk from the wave with tens of thousands of people?" Naiji led 5000 people to mount mount Baisongling, conquered several barracks in the first battle, and killed more than 1200 nominal soldiers. Zhang Lian ordered the volunteers to close their camp and stick to it. The Ming army tried to lure the rebels to fight. Just as the Ming army was in a fierce battle with the rebels, some of them were surrounded from behind. Zhang Lian's most effective general Xiao Wan (Xiao Xuefeng) was captured. The Ming army deliberately set fire to the mountain, but the rebels lost one after another, so they had to defend and defend. "When the officers and soldiers forced the bandit camp, they looked at the beautiful city gate, surrounded by a small village. Without worrying about hundreds of them, they drove into the city gate and left others to attack it with fire. The wind was smooth and the fire was blazing. The bandit village was completely destroyed, and the bandits collapsed." The Ming army launched a bloody crackdown on the local area. In addition to the execution of Zhang Lian, who was captured, more than 6600 nominal soldiers were killed, and more than 15000 men and women were forced to surrender, and then secretly executed. When the rebel base camp was in a desperate situation, Zhang Lian's generals Lin Chaoxi and others led part of the rebel forces to attack Yanping and Jian'an. The city failed to break through, and the rebel army took advantage of the night to break through Qingyuan and Longquan counties, and gained a lot of spoils. After the rebel base camp was lost, Lin Chaoxi led his subordinates to gather Huang Jishan, ready to gather forces, rally and fight with the officers and soldiers. But after all, the situation has gone. Lin Chaoxi only led a small number of volunteers to fight out of the siege, but in the end, they fell into the hands of the Ming army, who came to encircle and suppress them. In 1563, Luo Pao led more than 5000 people to enter the county from jianzhuai (today's aigang). When they attacked the city, it was heavy rain. The Yongding River was too high to cross the river, so they withdrew. Under Yu Dayou's encirclement and suppression, Zhang Lian's rebel army faced the danger of annihilation. At last, Zhang Lian led the rest of his troops to sail out from the Yunxiao River and went south to seize sanfoqi Island (now Sumatra), which also realized the emperor's dream. According to the dictionary of Chinese names published by the Commercial Press, "Lian Qianyi entered the sea, seizing the three Buddhas and becoming king." It is also recorded in the history of the Ming Dynasty that there are thousands of people from Fujian and Guangdong who have lived in sanfoqi for a long time. They may be the descendants of Zhang Lian's subordinates According to Japanese Dr. toyoba Fujita's investigation, stone tablets engraved with "flying dragon" were unearthed in sanfoqi Island, Jiugang and other places, which were identified as Zhang Lian's national name. Today, there is a stone carving of Yu Dayou catching Zhang Lian in Jiufeng town. Jiufeng, the old county town of Pinghe County, formerly known as Hetou dayangpo, has been a "land of string songs" since ancient times. In the western suburb of Bishan, also known as Tashan, there is a cliff stone carving 50 meters to the right of the pavilion on the upper half of Tashan, which is 5 meters high and 3 meters wide Xie Chi, the commander of the division, marched into Raoping, and Zhang Lian, the traitor, and his followers were all arrested. The next day, they were in charge of the division. " The inscriptions are well preserved. Although the name "rebel" on the inscriptions is disgusting, it is also the ruler's view of the uprising. It is a county-level cultural relic protection unit.
Allusions of characters
It is said that Zhang Lian is a "loach master". When he was born, the earthquake happened in Raoping. Now, the water overflows the loach hole in Wushi village. The loach leaps out like a catfish, with long whiskers and a circular impression on the caudal fin. Zhang Lian, the reincarnation of Hu loach, has many legendary stories. In addition to Zhang Lian's title of emperor and loach essence, there are also "wushipu eighteen flower jar silver" and "Zhang Lian's driving stone" and so on.
Related relics
The imperial city founded by Zhang Lian when he became emperor is located in wushipu behind Wushi village. The ruins of the Imperial City have a lot of thick wall bricks left when the city was built. In front of the village, there are ancient temple sites, flagpoles, stones and stone beasts. Many Chinese come to Raoping for pilgrimage. The restoration of the old imperial city should be the most important and rare cultural asset of Raoping.
Commemoration of later generations
Although Zhang Lian's uprising failed, he had a great influence on Chaozhou Opera customs. According to the research, during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, there were Chaozhou Opera square plays with sacrificial rites as the main feature. For example, Raoping people built a Feilong temple in panshilou, Raoyang Town, Raoping County, Chaozhou City to commemorate Zhang Lian, the leader of the Feilong people who failed in the uprising. They performed sacrificial performances on the sixth day of June every year (Ming history Ruan Tongzhi).
Historical evaluation
Liang Qichao's biography of the great Chinese colonists: Zhang Lian, the captain of the old port. He is from Raoping County, Guangdong Province. Zhang Ben, the robber, made trouble at the end of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, disturbing Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces. In the west, it is said that during Jiajing, there was a pirate named Zhang Shiliu who seized Macao from the Portuguese. The danger is even worse. The Chinese people's victory over the westerners is from the beginning. Lianhou was the official and military force. In the fifth year of Wanli, the merchants who came to the old port saw that Lian Liesi was the head of the ship. Zhangquan people attached to it. He is also a Chinese shipping official. Although gailian is not a king, he really holds the power.
Chinese PinYin : Zhang Lian
Zhang Lian
