Zhang ruitu

Zhang ruitu

Zhang ruitu (1570-1644), with the word "Gong" and "Wuhua", was named ershui, guotingshan, Jiezi, Baihao nunnery, Baihao nunnery Taoist, and egalitarian, etc.; Han nationality, painter of Ming Dynasty, was born in Xiaxiang, 27du town of Jinjiang (Xiaxiang, Qingyang Town, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province).

In the 35th year of Wanli, he was the third Jinshi. He visited the flowers and was granted the editing of the Imperial Academy. Later, he joined the cabinet as the Minister of rites. He was a Bachelor of Jianji Hall of Jin Dynasty and a few teachers. In the third year of the reign of Chongzhen, Wei Zhongxian was convicted of castrating the party because of many inscriptions in his ancestral hall.

He is famous for his excellent calligraphy. His calligraphy is elegant, precipitous, vigorous, and vivid. Zhong Yao, Wang Xizhi, one of the four great calligraphers in Ming Dynasty, is as famous as Dong Qichang, Xing Dong and Mi Wanzhong, and has the name of "south Zhang and North Dong". Li Zhimin, a professor at Peking University and the founder of introducing steles into the grass, commented: "the cursive script of Zhang ruitu is crisp in use and unique in style, but it is not easy to ponder."

He is good at landscape painting and imitates Huang Gongwang of Yuan Dynasty. He is vigorous and powerful, and his works are very rare.

Life of the characters

Study hard in a poor family

Zhang ruitu was born in a rural family in Xiaxia village, Qingyang, Jinjiang. His father, Zhang Zhifu, was "frugal and poor". Zhang ruitu is young and smart. He studied Confucianism when he was young. His first teacher was Lin Tianzhi (it is said that Lin Tianzhi was a descendant of Li Zhi). Poor family, can not afford to study at night, every night to the village of Baihao Temple (see "Quanzhou temple · Baihao Temple") in front of the Buddha on the long light study. When he was young, he taught for a living and took part in the imperial examination. His wife Wang is from Shatang. She is good at weaving. After marriage, she uses her income from weaving to support her family and school. One day, when Zhang ruitu came home from his school, he saw Wang drinking barley porridge to satisfy his hunger. He couldn't help sighing: "I hope God will open my eyes and let me come out as soon as possible. Don't let my family eat barley porridge all the time!

Zhang ruitu's reading method is different. The history of the five classics all adopts handwritten reading, that is, while copying calligraphy, while studying to understand the meaning of the text. Every night, I choose a topic of the book for all my students to interpret and write. He is quick in writing and quick in action. The next day, the article spread like wildfire. Thus the name of the article is big noise, and the Scriptures explained by him are popular in Quanzhou.

To be a eunuch

In 1603, Zhang ruitu was raised in the township. It is commonly known as "the thirty fifth year of the imperial examination" (1607). In 1626, he moved to be the Minister of rites. In the autumn of that year, he joined the cabinet as the Minister of rites together with Shi Fenglai of Pinghu. He was a Bachelor of Jianji Hall of Jin Dynasty and a teacher of Jiashao. When Zhang ruitu's Officialdom was full of glory, it was the eunuch Wei Zhongxian who was good at the imperial government. Gu Bingqian, the chief assistant of the cabinet, and Feng Quan, Huang Liji, Shi Fenglai, Zhang ruitu, Li guomupu (the word mupu) and Lai Zongdao, who successively joined the cabinet, all became Wei Zhongxian's private party, which was called "Wei Jiage Lao".

"Ming History Volume 306 biographies 194 eunuch party" contains: "in the second year of Tianqi (1622), Wei Zhongxian used things to impeach Zhou Zongjian and other officials. Zhongxian then conspired with other officials, and (GU) Bingqian and Wei Guangwei took the lead in flattering him, and Huo Weihua and Sun Jie's disciples made peace with him. In the spring of the second year (the third year of Tianqi, 1623), Bingqian, Guangwei, Zhu Guozhen and Zhu Yanxi took part in the aircraft maintenance. "

"Ye Xianggao and Han Yu left one after another, and he Zongyan died of illness, so Bingqian took the lead."

[ye Xianggao resigned in July 1624. (Ye Xianggao, a list of Quanzhou people)

Han Yu became an official in July 1624 after ye Xianggao.

After the establishment of emperor Guangzong, he Zongyan was a minister of rites and a Bachelor of Dongge. In the first year of Tianqi (1621), the Xia Dynasty returned to the imperial court, and there were many Shaoshi and Taizi Taishi, Shangshu of the Ministry of officials, and Jianji hall bachelor. He died in the first month of the fourth year of Tianqi (1624). 】

"Since (GU) Bingqian, (Wei) Guangwei was in power, the government returned to (Wei) Zhongxian. After that, Huang Liji, Shi Fenglai, and Zhang ruitu, who joined the cabinet, all chose their faces according to their charms, and named them Li Ni cases. "

"Huang Liji Tired official less Zhan Shi, Minister of rites. In August 1625, Zhongxian was promoted to minister of rites and Bachelor of Dongge as a fellow countryman. He joined Ding Shaoshi, Zhou Rupan, and Feng Quan in aircraft maintenance. At that time, Wei Guangwei and Gu Bingqian lived in the government with loyalty. In a few years, it was like a rock. In the summer of the second year (the sixth year of Tianqi, 1625), Shao Shi also died. In the autumn, Shi Fenglai, Zhang ruitu and Li guomupu (mupu in one word) entered. If you are modest enough to return, you will be the first and the second to set up the pole. "

Shi Fenglai is a native of Pinghu. Zhang ruitu is from Jinjiang. In the 35th year of Wanli (1607), he became a scholar. Fenglai palace examination was the second and ruitu was the third. He was also the editor of the palace, the Minister of rites and Minister of rites. The Phoenix comes to the plain without a section, so it is gentle and charming in the world. Ruitu will try to say: "in ancient times, the name of" gentleman and villain "was not set at the beginning, but originated from Zhongni." This is not true. Most of the inscriptions in Zhongxian ancestral hall are written in calligraphy. "

After all, Zhang ruitu is a Confucian, and his advance and retreat in Wei Zhongxian's "eunuch party" is also very contradictory. Like his fellow countryman Su Maoxiang (Quanzhou people's list, Su Maoxiang), he can only think that he is not out of his heart of piety and admiration for Wei Zhongxian, but out of political utilitarian considerations, plotting to promote his official career, which contains the nature of political speculation. Therefore, on some issues, he is still different from the "eunuch party" in its ferocity, "holding firm decision internally, showing peace and change externally, the growth and decline of Yin medicine, and giving silent relief" (Fu Zhi).

According to Lin Yuji's epitaph of Zhang ruitu, a Bachelor of Ming University, and his wife Wang

In 1625, empress Yi'an was seriously ill. Wei Zhongxian ordered Liu Zhixuan, the Prime Minister of the government, to force Zhang Guoji, the father of empress Yi'an, and other Qi officials to harm her. Zhang ruitu came forward to stop her, and Qi officials were saved.

In the sixth year of Tianqi (1626), Wei Zhongxian's ancestral hall was attached to the Confucian temple in the capital. Zhang ruitu and LV Tianchi tried to get in the way. Wei Zhongxian wanted to create his own statue in the ancestral hall, but Zhang ruitu didn't dare to oppose it publicly. He was so witty that he went to bed.

In 1626, the ministers Fang Xiaoru, Li Chengen, and Hui Shiyang were appointed to the imperial prison. They were supposed to be executed on the winter solstice. Zhang ruitu asked for a reprieve and tried his best to defend the sentence. At last, he ordered Xizong to suspend his sentence. wait.

In August 1627, Xizong died and Sizong (emperor Chongzhen) ascended the throne. At the beginning, Emperor Chongzhen, out of strategic considerations, forbeared to Wei Zhongxian's "castrating the party" and "showed his leniency.".

According to the Ming History Volume 306 biographies 194 eunuch party, Emperor Zhuang Liedi (Sizong · Zhu Youjian) ascended the throne. Hu Huanyou, the supervisor of Shanyin, impeached Li Ji, Feng Lai, ruitu, and guomupu, who lived in the premier's seat and had no host. Even the most important officials who were in charge of their orders were killed in the imperial court; the nobility of the fifth class and the respect of the Duke were added to the eunuch temple; and the memorial tablet of Shengci was not popular. What's your husband to say about the crime of adultery? " Emperor in addition to Huan you name, under the official. If you feel uneasy inside, you should go up and ask for it, and the emperor will give you an imperial edict to report it. "

After a period of time, Emperor Chongzhen finally ordered Wei Zhongxian to leave Beijing in November 1627 to take care of the Imperial Mausoleum (the tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang's parents) in Fengyang and confiscate all his property, which opened the prelude to the liquidation of Wei Zhongxian's "eunuch party". Wei Zhongxian hanged himself in Nanguan, Fucheng County on November 6. Since then, the political liquidation movement continued for more than a year.

Zhang Rui's chart shows his return. "Ming History Volume 306 biographies 194 eunuch party" records: "in November, Li Ji begged to leave, came to Zongdao, Yang Jingchen (Quanzhou people's list, Yang Jingchen) and joined the cabinet, with Fenglai as the leader and assistant. The imperial censor, Luo Yuanbin, corrected the situation, and both Fenglai and ruitu returned. "

But it's not over. On December 23, 1627, Zhu Youjian issued a decree, asking the ministers of the cabinet, the six ministries, and the duchayuan to "fix the case of castrating the party", thoroughly investigate all kinds of "castrating party" elements, and make a conclusion of punishment according to their crimes.

In the first month of the first year of Chongzhen, Zhang ruitu begged to retreat twice, but refused. Wang Ji's Chongzhen chronicles Volume 5, the first month of the first year of Chongzhen in the Qing Dynasty: "Zhang ruitu, a great scholar, asks for help from illness, and gives warm instructions to stay Zhang ruitu, a Bachelor of Arts, asked for exemption in the words of others and refused. "

At first, it was agreed that Wei Zhongxian would rebel against the party. Although he was involved in the ruling cabinet, Zhang ruitu was not included.

However, in February of 1628, Shi Fenglai and Zhang ruitu were examiners. Almost all the examinees were middle ranking officials and noble relatives, which finally angered emperor Chongzhen.

In the Ming History Volume 306 biographies 194 eunuch party, it is recorded that "later, ruitu and Zongdao did not agree with each other, Emperor Zhuang Liedi questioned them, and Han Yu and other officials did not have any real situation. The emperor said, "ruitu is the stele of Zhongxian calligraphy. The patriarchal clan says that it shows the spirit of the father in heaven, but it's not true." It is based on ruitu, Zongdao, Gu Bingqian, Feng Quan and other people, and Liji, Fenglai and Jingchen are laid off and live in leisure. "

The return of the rebellious case

In March 1629, Shi Fenglai and Zhang ruitu were dismissed. On March 19, Zhu Youjian announced the list of "imperial reverse cases" in the form of an edict. Zhang ruitu was listed as "the one who lost and redeemed for the people in the third year of his apprenticeship". In 1630, Zhang ruitu was sent back. After Zhang ruitu's resignation, he and his wife lived in seclusion in Qingyang, Jinjiang, and went down to their hometown. They lived a quiet life, toured the countryside, forests and gullies, and forgot to love the landscape. They often went to Baihao nunnery to talk about Zen principles with monks, entertained themselves with poetry and calligraphy, and left behind a large number of calligraphy and poetry works. His three hundred six character poems "village house" and "an house" have been handed down to the world.

In 1644, he died at home at the age of 74. He is the author of "Baihao an neipian", "Baihao An Wai"

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Rui Tu