Yishan

Aixinjueluo Yishan

Aixinjueluo Yishan (1790-1878), with the word Jingxuan, was born in Manchuria with blue flag. The imperial clan of Qing Dynasty. Emperor Kangxi's fourteenth son, Aixinjueluo, is the nephew of Emperor Daoguang. He was born as a bodyguard. He has successively served as leader Minister of tarbaha, counsellor Minister of Ili, general of Ili, etc.

brief introduction

In the first year of Daoguang (1821), the fourth grade imperial clan served as the third class bodyguard. He has successively served as the leader of tarbahatai, the deputy commander of the Han Army in Xianglan banner, the counsellor of Ili, and the commander of the red flag guard. In 1838, he was granted the title of general of Ili. In 1838, he recalled to Beijing and served as the Minister of bodyguard and the former Minister of the royal family. In 1841, the first Opium War broke out. Emperor Daoguang dismissed Qi Shan, the imperial minister in charge of Guangdong military affairs, and appointed Yi Shan as general jingni on January 30. Yishan was known as "the people of Guangdong are all traitors, and the soldiers of Guangdong are all bandits" and "defending the people is better than defending the bandits". He recruited untrained soldiers in Fujian and drank wine day and night. After 57 days, he traveled from Foshan to Guangzhou. On May 21, Yishan's headquarters launched a night attack on the British troops in the waters of bai'etan. As a result, they were completely defeated, and the fort outside Guangzhou was completely lost. The Qing army retreated into Guangzhou City and did not dare to go to war. Nanhai Xiangyong and Hunan Xiangyong fought for food, which led to internal commotion and chaos in the city. On the 26th, Yishan sent people to surrender. Signed the "Guangzhou peace treaty" with Yilu. In December of the 22nd year of Daoguang's reign, he was confined to the empty room of Zongren's mansion. In August of the next year, he was released and awarded the second-class bodyguard as the Minister of Hetian affairs. Then, several years later, he became the general of Zhenguo and Yili.

In July of the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Russian plenipotentiary Kovalevsky and China's new Ili general

Yishan

Bu Yantai, Minister of counsellor, negotiated in Ili. The Russian side requested that specific measures be agreed in accordance with the old chapter on trade in chaktu. Yishan blindly compromised, and "accepted all the Russian proposals" except for Kashgar trade. On August 6, the two sides signed the articles of Association for trade in talbahatai, Ili. In the fifth year of Xianfeng (December 1855), he was appointed general of Heilongjiang Province.

During the second Opium War, muraviyov, the governor of Russia's eastern Siberia, negotiated with Yishan on the ground of "helping China and defending Britain", saying that "China and Russia must delimit along the Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River". Even more, in the way of "final espionage", they threatened with force and demonstrated with artillery fire along the coast of Heilongjiang. Yi Shan was afraid, but he didn't want to start the border war lightly. In April of 1858 (May of 1858), the two sides signed the "Huihui treaty", which assigned more than 600000 square kilometers of land north of Heilongjiang to Russia. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Russia took the opportunity to force the Qing government to conclude the "Sino Russian Beijing treaty", which ceded to Russia about 400000 square kilometers east of the Wusuli River, including Sakhalin Island. More than one million square kilometers of territory were lost in the first and second times. After the signing of the Huihui treaty, Yishan once explained to Xianfeng that Russia had forced the signing of the treaty, but he could not be understood. He was dismissed and recalled to Beijing. In 1878, he died in Beijing.

Historical review

Since the Opium War in 1840, the Qing government was terrified by the arrogance of the British aggressors. The fatuous and incompetent Emperor Daoguang dismissed Lin Zexu, the Anti Japanese War faction, and replaced him with Qishan, who insisted on compromise and surrender. He presided over the military affairs of Guangdong. In order to please the aggressors, Qishan removed all the coastal defense facilities in Guangzhou and disbanded the fisherman Ding Yong. As Qi Shan's surrender and betrayal encouraged the aggressors' arrogance, the British took the opportunity to launch a new attack on China. In February 1841, they successively attacked Shajiao, Dajiao, Humen and other fort in the front of Guangzhou.

Qi Shan's traitorous behavior aroused strong dissatisfaction among patriots all over the country, and some anti Japanese officials impeached Emperor Daoguang one after another. Emperor Daoguang had to remove Qishan and send Yishan as general jingni to take charge of the military affairs in Guangzhou. In March 1841, Yishan arrived in Guangzhou. He refused to listen to Lin Zexu's proposal to restore coastal defense facilities, and attempted to win quickly by taking risks. Yishan trusted the foolish and stubborn Yang Fang, agreed with the "clever plan" of "controlling evil with evil", and ordered the local security guards to search the folk toilets, put them on the raft, and defeat the enemy with "conquering evil". As a result, of course, the "magic plan" failed, leading to the British Army's long march into Guangzhou. At that time, some people satirized this kind of stupid tactics, saying: "the dung barrel still talks about clever tactics, and the dirty sound spreads all over the city of Guangdong.". Yishan was no better than Yang Fang. After he arrived in Guangzhou, he strongly rejected the army and people of Guangdong during the Anti Japanese War and slandered them: "the people of Guangdong are all traitors, and the soldiers of Guangdong are all bandits.". In order to reward the British, Yishan launched a "night attack" against the British on May 21. As a result, it turned out that "the attack at night was all civilian ships". This night attack caused the British army to further expand the war. The enemy attacked on a large scale and successively occupied the important strongholds outside Guangzhou, such as Nicheng and Sifang fort, and destroyed more than 60 Chinese ships. Then, the British bombarded the city, and Yishan's Gongyuan was hit by the artillery fire, which made the senior officials of the Qing government in Guangzhou in a mess. In desperation, Yishan ordered people to hang a white flag in the city, and sent Yu Baochun, the governor of Guangzhou, out of the city to ask Yilu, the leader of the British army, to surrender. The British army put forward harsh terms of negotiation and demanded that China pay 12 million taels of compensation (which was later halved to 6 million taels after mediation by the United States), and forced the Qing army to withdraw from Guangzhou city. Without the consent of the Qing government, Yishan accepted the terms of the aggressor.

On May 29, 1841, the British aggressors harassed Sanyuanli in the suburb of Guangzhou and fought back bravely for the Chinese people. The next day, more than 1000 people in 1003 villages around Sanyuanli besieged the British troops in the four fort. When the invaders were in a panic and asked for the Qing government's rescue, Yi Shan shamelessly sent Yu Baochun to bail out the invading army.

When Yi Shan reported the situation to the Qing court, he didn't want to win. He lied that the law of justice was "poor and begging for help", and he said that the six million yuan compensation was "as a chaser to finish the case". Yan Botao, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and others, who knew the inside story, exposed the incident. Emperor Daoguang was furious and ordered Yi Shan to be demoted and retained. Later, he suspended his post for punishment, and was confined to the empty room of the Zongren mansion, which was specially used to detain the clan.

But soon afterwards, Yishan was released and transferred to Xinjiang to "assist in military affairs". In December 1855, Yishan was appointed general of Heilongjiang Province. In May 1858, as the chief representative of the Qing Dynasty, he was responsible for the border negotiations with Russia and signed the "Huihui treaty" which was humiliating to his country. During the negotiations with Yishan, the Russian representative, muraviyov, was unreasonable and forced the draft treaty drawn up by the Russian side to Yishan for a reply the next day. In the end, they used "artillery threat" in the coastal area of Heilongjiang Province. Finally, Yishan gave in to the imperialist's power and expressed his willingness to accept all the Russian conditions. On May 28, Yishan and Russia signed the unequal "Huihui treaty". According to the treaty, more than 600000 square kilometers of land to the north of Heilongjiang Province will all belong to Russia, and the Chinese territory to the east of Wusuli River will be "jointly managed" by China and Russia.

After the signing of the Treaty of Huihui, Yishan, in order to exonerate himself, once described in detail to Emperor Xianfeng the tyrannical act of Russia forcing him to sign the treaty. However, he was still not understood by the Qing government. He once again reformed his position and recalled to Beijing. It was used again until 1878 when it died in Beijing.

Lineage

The first generation: Aixinjueluo Xuanye

(Emperor Kangxi)

The second generation: Aixinjueluo Yinyi

The fourteenth son of Emperor Kangxi, he was granted Beizi in 1709, the first year of Yongzheng (1723 AD), the king of Jin, the third year of Yongzheng (1725 AD), the Duke of Fuguo in 1726 ad, the Duke of Baile in 1747 ad, and Xun in 1748 ad Jun Wang, who was born in 1755 A.D. in the 20th year of Qianlong, was named Qin.

The third generation: Aixinjueluo Hongchun

The first son of Aixinjueluo Yinyi was granted Beizi in 1723, the second year of Yongzheng (1724), the Duke of Zhenguo in 1726, the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), Beile in 1731, the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733) and the twelfth year of Yongzheng (1734) In 1735 A.D., he retired.

The fourth generation: Aixinjueluo Yongjin

Aixinjueluo hongchunzi.

The fifth generation: Aixinjueluo mianbei

Aixinjueluo yongjinzi.

The sixth generation: Aixinjueluo Yishan

Aixinjueluo mianbeizi was a first-class general of the town in the 27th year of Daoguang (AD 1847) and died in the fourth year of Guangxu (AD 1878).

The seventh generation: Aixinjueluo zaizhuo

The second son of Aixinjueluo Yishan, a general of the third auxiliary state in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), died in the second year of Guangxu (1876).

The eighth generation: Aixinjueluo PuHan

The first son of Aixinjueluo zaizhuo, he was granted Fengguo general in the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857 A.D.), attacked auxiliary country general in the fourth year of Guangxu (1878 A.D.), and retired in the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886 A.D.).

The ninth generation: Aixinjueluo Yuzhao

The third son of Aixinjueluo PuHan, who attacked the general of Fengguo in 1887.

Chinese PinYin : Yi Shan