Fan Wencheng

Fan Wencheng

Fan Wencheng (1597-1666), named Xiandou and Huiyue, was born in Shenyang (today's Shenyang) in Eastern Liaoning Province. In the early Qing Dynasty, he was a statesman and strategist. He once served as emperor Taizu, Emperor Taizong, Emperor Shizu and Emperor Shengzu of the Qing Dynasty. He was an important official in the early Qing Dynasty. Most of the regulations were made by him when the Qing Dynasty was founded, and he was regarded as the head of the literary officials.

Fan Wencheng was not a good scholar. He was a scholar in Shenyang County in 1615, when he was 18 years old. In the 46th year of Wanli (1618), the eight banners of the later Jin Dynasty captured Fushun. Fan Wencheng and his elder brother fan Wenyu took the initiative to meet Nurhachi and became one of the founding fathers of the Qing Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, he was deeply depended on. He participated in the decision-making of the strategies of attacking Ming Dynasty, plotting against Ming Dynasty officials, attacking Korea, pacifying Mongolia, and the construction of national system.

In 1666, fan Wencheng died at the age of 70. Kangxi personally wrote a sacrificial essay and gave it to hongluoshan, which was buried in Huairou County. Emperor Kangxi wrote "Yuan Fu Gao Feng" as his highest evaluation.

Life of the characters

After surrender

In the 25th year of Wanli (1597), fan Wencheng was born. His ancestral home is Shenyang, and he was born into an official family. His great grandfather fan Rui was the Minister of the Ministry of war in the Jiajing Dynasty of Ming Dynasty; his grandfather fan Shen was the commander of Shenyang Wei; his father was fan Nan. Fan Wencheng is a studious, intelligent and agile young man. When he was 18 years old, he was a student member of Shenyang County with his brother fan Wenyu.

In the 46th year of Wanli (1618), the eight banners of the later Jin Dynasty captured Fushun and plundered it wantonly. They awarded 300000 people and livestock to the meritorious officers and soldiers, and assigned them to 1000 families. Fan Wencheng was one of the exiled people. It was an extremely accidental factor that he was not killed. Later, he was enslaved under the red flag of the eight banners of Manchuria. After fan Wencheng was captured, he was not only not valued by Nurhachi, but also suffered from discrimination and abuse. He spent nearly nine years in depression. According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty, fan Wencheng and his elder brother Wenyu took the initiative to meet Nurhachi and surrendered to Jin.

In the seventh year of Tianming (1622), Nurhachi attacked Xiping and entered Guangning. After that, fan Wencheng met Nurhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and took part in commanding and planning.

In October of the third year of Tiancong (1629), Emperor Taiji of the Qing Dynasty led more than 50000 Manchu and Mongolian troops to attack the Ming Dynasty. He broke into sainei from xifengkou, entered Jimen and conquered Zunhua. At that time, fan Wencheng was still in Huang Taiji's library. He was known as a scholar, scholar, student or scholar, and had no official title. Although he was a Confucian, he was handsome and strong. He looked like a tiger general. He was not afraid of fighting. When he joined the army, he fought bravely, was good at using tactics and was eloquent. Therefore, he made contributions to the five cities of Panjiakou, Malanyu, shantunying, malanjuan and daankou. When the Ming army besieged da'ankou, he went to battle in armor and led the Gunners to kill many Ming troops. On November 11, Huang Taiji led the army to attack Beijing. He left general Ying erdai, guerrilla Li Sizhong, and Wen Cheng with eight members to defend Beijing. He led 800 troops and stationed in Zunhua. Fan Wencheng was awarded the post of guerrilla for his outstanding military achievements.

In August of the fifth year of Tiancong (1631), Huang Taiji attacked the Ming Dynasty again, and led 70000 troops to besiege Dalinghe city. On the 10th day of the lunar new year, fan Wencheng was ordered by Huang Taiji to go to a platform in the west mountain of Dalinghe city to persuade him to surrender. The soldiers of the Ming Dynasty were very dangerous. He rode to the stage alone. After hearing this, he stepped down and surrendered. Among them, there was one living member, 72 men, 17 women, two horses, 24 cows and 21 donkeys. Huang Taiji immediately rewarded him with those.

In April of the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), Huang Taiji led the expedition to Chahar. When Lin Dan Khan heard of it, he led the people to flee. Huang Taiji wanted to use his troops in Xuanfu and Datong of Ming Dynasty. Fan Wencheng and his colleagues in the library thought that it was better to attack the mountain customs to enter Xuanfu. In late May, Huang Taiji stationed in Guihua city and ordered officials of the library to discuss the next action plan. On the 5th of June, fan Wencheng, Ning Wani and Ma Guozhu played the action plan together.

On March 27, the seventh year of Tiancong (1633), because Ming generals Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming wanted to surrender, fan Wencheng, under the command of emperor Taiji, went to investigate and persuade him to surrender with Han Yu, together with Wu Lai, Bai Ge and Sai Gude. In May, Kong Youde led the people back and forth, and fan Wencheng placed his department in Tokyo and accompanied Kong Youde and others to Shenyang to meet Huang Taiji.

An important official of the literary school

On the sixth day of March in the first year of Chongde (1636), Wenguan was changed into neiguoshi academy, neimi academy and neihongwen academy, also known as neisanyuan. Fan Wencheng was appointed as a Bachelor of neimi Academy. He was in charge of writing correspondence with foreign countries, recording memorials from yamen, pleading grievances, imperial edicts from the emperor, and official edicts from civil and military academies, as well as reporting to Wen temple and civil and military officials. Fan Wencheng became a second-class Lama in Zhangjing, and he was more and more trusted by Huang Taiji. Huang Taiji always listened to his opinions when he discussed military and state affairs. All the imperial edicts issued to all countries were written by him. Fan Wencheng was grateful and devoted to his country's affairs. He spared no effort to abolish the LianZuo law and changed the official system of the Ministry. Each of the six ministries set up a member of Manchuria to take over the government. He also set up left and right political participation, directors, deputy directors, and ER zhe Zhang. He recommended Deng Changchun, Zhang Shang, and Su HongZu as the qixinlang of the Ministry of officials and the Ministry of household.

In March of the sixth year of Chongde (1641), when Huangtaiji learned that Prince Dorgon and other princes were besieging Jinzhou, he stayed far away from the city, and sent some officers and soldiers back home, so that the Ming Dynasty guards were able to go out of the city and transport grain into Jinzhou. He sent the Minister of internal affairs, angbang zhangjingturge, Gushan ezhenying erdai, and the Bachelor of internal affairs, fan Wencheng, Xifu, ganglin, to interrogate the reason why Dorgon did so, and issued a severe reprimand to the commander Dorgon, Prince Su HAOGE, raoyu Beile abatai, Anping beiledudu, gongshuo Tuo, etc. After turge and fan Wencheng conveyed the imperial edict, Dorgon and others admitted their sins. Turge, fan Wencheng and others reported the reason to Huang Taiji. Huang Taiji was even more angry and ordered them to order duo Ergun and others to discuss their crimes. Dourgen talked about the crime of death himself, and Hogg also played the crime of death. Dudu and abatai cut the barons for the people, confiscated all their registered permanent residence slaves, and enlisted more than 30 generals to discuss the death, dismissal and disappearance of their native place. On March 22, turge, fan Wencheng and others reported the situation. Huang Taiji reduced the situation and made Dorgon and HAOGE princes. They fined 10000 Liang and 8000 liang of silver respectively, and won two Niu Lu and one Niu Lu. The rest of them all fined silver. The next day, duoergun and others went to the Yamen. Huang Taiji ordered Xi Fu, fan Wencheng and others to expel them from the Yamen.

On August 9, 1643, Huang Taiji died. On the 14th, the ministers of Baylor agreed to establish Fulin, the ninth son of Huangtaiji, as emperor, with Prince Zheng jierharang and Prince Rui duoergun as assistant officials. On the 26th, a grand ceremony was held for the new emperor to ascend the throne, and an amnesty was issued, changing the next year to the first year of Shunzhi. Fulin was promoted as a new monarch, which was a temporary compromise in the fierce struggle among the eight banners. After Fulin succeeded to the throne, the struggle was still going on. On August 16, the princes adali and Beizi shuotuo lobbied Prince Zheng jierharang, Prince Li Daishan and Prince Rui duoergun to establish duoergun as the king. Daishan and duoergun sued Baile and executed adali and shuotuo for the crime of disturbing the government and disturbing the country. Fan Wencheng, a member of red flag shuotuo, was transferred to the yellow flag. Fan Wencheng had just avoided the unexpected disaster caused by the chaos of his country, and soon met with new troubles. Duoduo, the brother of the Regent Dorgon, bullied fan Wencheng and robbed his wife. After a lot of trouble, it was solved. Baile decided to punish Duoduo for 1000 liang of silver and 15 cattle records. Although fan Wencheng survived the disaster of his wife and family being bullied, he was still worried. Duoduo was the leader of the flag. He was a prince and a princess. He was also the brother of the same mother of the Regent duoergun. Whether he would give up this in the future is not a question. In case of recalling the previous resentment, fan Wencheng would be killed. Despite the double dangers of being killed by his old master and being bullied by his beloved wife, fan Wencheng still attached great importance to the overall situation. At the critical moment of the Qing Dynasty's accession to the Central Plains, he gave advice and made great achievements.

Central Plains

In 1644, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing and died in Ming Dynasty. On the fourth day of April, fan Wencheng wrote to the Regent, Dorgon, and asked him to send troops into the pass immediately to seize the world. Fan Wencheng's suggestions played a great role in the formulation of the basic principles and policies for the Qing Dynasty to seize the Central Plains, and in promoting the Qing army to set out. On the ninth day of April, the fifth day after fan Wencheng began to play the role of Regent, Regent Dorgon led the princes and ministers of eight banners, such as duduo and azig, to command more than 100000 officers and soldiers of the Manchu, Mongolian and Han Dynasties, and set out to worship.

On April 14, shortly after the arrival of the Qing army, Wu Sangui, the Western uncle of the Ming Dynasty, sent an envoy from the mountain customs to beg for troops. He said that Li Zicheng had conquered Beijing, and duoergun immediately sent someone to call fan Wencheng, who was ill in Tangquan, Gaizhou, to discuss the grand plan. Duoergun received Wu Sangui's letter of begging for war. He hesitated to enter or stop. The purpose of the Qing army's trip was to capture Beijing and the Central Plains. Now that the peasant army has occupied Beijing, there is no need for the Qing army to move on. Moreover, in the past, the three forces of the Qing Dynasty failed to succeed. Now that the peasant army can attack and destroy its city, its combat effectiveness must be very strong. If it fights with the Qing army, it is difficult to predict the outcome. It was at this critical moment of hesitation that fan Wencheng made it clear that the Qing army would defeat Li Zicheng's peasant army and win a great victory. He emphasized once again that killing and plundering were forbidden to win the hearts of the people. Thus, he strengthened duoergun's confidence and determination to March, and decided to surrender Wu Sangui to meet the peasant army.

On April 22, the two armies fought in Shanhaiguan. Li Zicheng was defeated, and the Qing troops entered Shanhaiguan and took advantage of the situation to pursue him. At this time, the officials and people along the way were afraid of killing and plundering, and the peasants were in great danger

Chinese PinYin : Fan Wen Cheng