Ma guohan

Ma guohan

Ma guohan was a philologist and book collector in Qing Dynasty. The word stream is called Zhuwu. Licheng people. Born in 1794. He studied in Shanxi with his father since childhood. He studied hard and showed his ability of quick thinking when he was young. When Ma guohan was 19 years old, he was a scholar in his hometown. As a result, he started teaching in Guzhu, Yeshan, Baoshan and Huangshi Xinglong temple, and has been a private school teacher for 20 years. Until the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), he was admitted as a Jinshi in Shaanxi Province, and successively served as county magistrate of Fucheng, Shiquan, Yunyang, etc. In the 24th year of Daoguang, he was promoted to governor of Longzhou, Shaanxi Province.

Personal profile

Ma guohan (1794-1857) was a famous philologist and book collector in Qing Dynasty. The word stream is called Zhuwu. In the Qing Dynasty, Nan Quan Fu Zhuang (later called Quanfu Zhuang and Quanfu Zhuang) was a native of Licheng, Jinan. Originally from sanjianxi village, Shuangshan office, Zhangqiu City, my great grandfather (MA Yunlong) moved to Yicheng Quanfu village. He was a famous scholar, Sinologist and book collector in Qing Dynasty. He studied with his father (MA Mingjin) who was a magistrate in Shanxi Province since he was a child. He studied hard, and then studied with Jin Baochuan and LV Xinyuan. Reading the classics and history is a quick way of thinking. At the age of 16, his father died in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. So he went back to Licheng. At the age of 19, he was a scholar in his hometown. After nearly 20 years, he took teaching as his career. The school has opened in Guzhu, Yeshan and Baoshan Huangshi Xinglong temple.

In 1831 (the 11th year of Daoguang), he was elected, and in the second year, he was promoted by Enke. He has successively served as county magistrate of Fucheng, Shiquan and Yunyang in Shaanxi Province. In 1838, he was summoned by the emperor for his outstanding achievements. Later, he resigned and returned to his hometown on the ground of "going home for a long time, and all tombs and houses need to be repaired". In 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), he became the governor of Longzhou (now Longxian county) in Shaanxi Province. In 1853 (the third year of Xianfeng), he resigned because of illness and returned to his hometown. He died in 1857 and was buried at the south foot of Jiuli mountain in Licheng county.

personal honor

In the age of Ma guohan, Sinology prevailed. Influenced by this style of study, he deeply regretted the loss of many precious ancient books in his early years, and decided to do a lot of ancient book collection work. When he was teaching in the countryside, he copied every book he saw. After he entered the officialdom, his salary was mostly used to buy books. Over the years, he bought more than 57000 volumes of all kinds of books. He "painstakingly searched, spared no effort to return to the forest at night, and worked hard to compile without any illusory days". He selected the ancient books which had been scattered and destroyed before the Tang Dynasty from the notes and quotations of various works, and from the words of many pieces of words reserved in the relevant literature, and made textual research to distinguish the true from the false. Then he compiled them into a volume and named them "lost books of yuhanshanfang".

There are more than 700 volumes in this book, which is divided into three parts: classics, history and Zhuzi. There are 594 kinds of lost books, and the preface is the first of them. Yuhanshanfang Jiyi Shu is a great work of philology, which has made valuable contributions to the collection and preservation of ancient Chinese cultural classics. During his stay at home, he also used his leisure time to collect popular folk proverbs and compiled one volume of "agricultural proverbs"; he wrote "self annotation of 72 poems of the lunar calendar" and "self annotation of Xia Xiaozheng's Poems" and other poems and works on agricultural seasons and phenology. In 1849 (the 29th year of Daoguang), he wrote 31 volumes of reading notes "Mu Geng tie".

In 1870 (the ninth year of Tongzhi), Kuang yuan, the head of Luoyuan Academy in Jinan, asked Ding Baozhen, the governor of Shandong Province, to help him borrow the book board of Yuhan Shanfang Jiyi Shu from Ma guohan's relatives. After further collation, it was printed together with Mu Geng tie four years later. It was divided into 100 volumes and received the attention of the academic circles. Ma guohan's later works include zhuruyi, hongouhuaxuan spring, yuhanshanfang anthology and yuhanshanfang poetry.

artistic creation

Ma guohan is familiar with the current situation of the collection field at that time, so he can often make full use of the achievements of the predecessors, and add supplements and collations. In the era of Ma guohan and others, most of them are familiar with the problems that should be paid attention to in the process of compiling lost works, but this does not mean that future generations will certainly surpass their predecessors. Whether they can develop on the basis of their predecessors depends on their subjective and objective conditions. Looking at the collection of lost books, Ma guohan does not simply inherit the achievements of his predecessors, but supplements and improves them on the basis of their predecessors, but does not hide their achievements. Such as copying sun boring's notes on the changes of the twenty-one schools in the Han and Jin Dynasties.

According to the yuhanshanfang book collection, Ma guohan's collection of Chenwei's lost works is described in 14 Wei books compiled by six classics: two volumes of Yiwei qianzaodu, two volumes of Yiwei qiankunzaodu, two volumes of Yiwei Jilan Tu, one volume of Yiwei bianzhongbei, one volume of Yiwei tongguayan, one volume of Yiwei shilaimou, one volume of Yiwei Qianyuan preface One volume and "Yi Wei Kun Ling Tu" one volume. In addition, there are thirty-six volumes of Gu Wei Shu (transcripts) by Sun Yu and forty volumes of Zhu Jing Wei Yi (Qingzhao Tang Edition) by Liu xuechong. However, because the eight versions of Yiwei are official editions, and Hetu and Luoshu are not included in Weishu, Ma guohan did not collect them. In the process of collecting the lost works of Chenwei, Ma mainly based on guweishu to collect the lost works of Weishu.

Gu Wei Shu has done a lot of work in the collection of lost works, and Ma guohan often makes full use of it in the process of collection. For example, in Liwei hanwenjia (Volume 54, page 16), "Yin Jue is the third class, Yin Zhengshang is white, and the white is also the middle, so the third class. Xia Shanghei, also from the third class. Zhou Jue and Wu et al. Each of them has its own "appropriate" section, which states: "Gu Wei Shu is combined into one section, and now it is used in accordance with it." He basically achieved great achievements and avoided repeated work.

At the same time, Ma is also good at mending and collating, and points out the gains and losses one by one: those who fail to compile supplement it, such as "xiaojingwei gouming Jue" (Volume 58, page 33): "nature is the quality of life: if wood is the nature of benevolence, gold is the nature of righteousness, fire is the nature of propriety, water is the nature of wisdom, and earth is the nature of faith. "The book of rites (King system) justice quoted the theory of filial piety. "Gu Wei Shu" is included in this article. It is not included in the "emotional person" and is now supplemented. " Another example is "Cangjie Longyan" in the preface to Chunqiu Mingli, which is "not recorded in ancient micro books". For example, in Li Wei Han Wen Jia (Volume 54, P. 20), the three princes of the emperor all recommended jade with three silks, saying: "the book of rites (Qu Li Xia) Zheng Yi quoted Li Shuo Han Wen Jia and its annotation. Gu Wei Shu mistakenly collected the chapter of Ji Ming Zheng, and collected the article of Zheng's annotation of "three silk". I'd like to delete the order now. " For example, the article "dipper is heaven's prison, and heaven's killing is also in charge of heaven" in Shiwei hanshenwu (Volume 54, page 10). Ma Ma's note says: "Gu Wei Shu was mistakenly included in Si Li Shu, and now it has been corrected."

Another example is "spring and autumn Wei Yun Dou Shu" (Vol. 59, P. 28), "black spirit uses things, and a hundred trees share one branch" in Ma's note: "this article Wei and note" Taiping Yulan "quoted" spring and autumn Wei Yun Dou Shu ", and" Gu Wei Shu "was mistakenly included in" Yan Kong Tu ", and now it has been corrected." For example, in Shangshu Weidi Mingyan (Vol. 53, P. 65), "Tianzong sun and moon, Beichen, and dizong Daishan River and sea.". The sun and moon belong to Yin and Yang sect, and the North Star sect. "Dai is the mountain sect, river is the water sect, and sea is the Ze sect." according to the sentence "Dai is the mountain sect" in guweishu, guweishu was mistakenly put on "river is the water sect" and now it has been corrected Some of the lost articles did not clearly indicate which chapter they belonged to, while Ma guohan could judge their attribution according to the meaning of the article. For example, the article "the great power revolves around the Beidou pivot, shines on the countryside, feels the treasure and gives birth to the Yellow Emperor" in Shiwei hanshenwu (Volume 54, page 8) is published in volume 9 of Chuxueji, notes to bianminglun by Liu xiaobiao in Wenxuan, and volume 79 of taipingyulan, without any notes.

Ma guohan collected the book of rites (Qu Li Shang) justice and quoted the poem Wei Han Shen Wu. Song Jun noted: "the north pole, the emperor, is the best person." In spite of "not saying what he belongs to", Mahalanobis still judged "doubting the annotation of this section" according to the meaning of the text, and attached it here. Another example is that in Chunqiu weiyankongtu, "according to the history of the Zhou Dynasty, we set up a new Sutra" which was quoted from Chunqiu Shuo in Gongyang Zhuan (yinyuannian) Shu, and Ma guohan compiled it into this chapter. The judgment is based on the meaning of the text: "Chunqiu Shuo quoted from Chunqiu Shuo follows the meaning of the text, and is supplemented according to the text, and the following is the same." In Chunqiu weiyuanmingbao, "Zixia asked the master to write Chunqiu", Ma guohan was also included in this article because "this section coincides with the meaning of" answering questions ", which is not recorded by sun's family, but is now compiled according to the category". This method of judging the lost articles of Weishu and their attribution reflects the initiative spirit in collecting them.

Ma guohan also compiled the comments of various schools after the publication of the book in the appendix of some books, which has important reference value for understanding the history of Confucian classics and thought before Tang Dynasty. For example, in Chapter 71 of Shangshu weiyunqishu (Volume 53), Ma guohan quoted sun fan's notes from guweishu to explain: "according to gujinzhan, the sun and the moon have three ways of running a house: its politics is peaceful, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way, it is on the way. It can be seen that if you look forward to it, you will find that it is shorter than the old scene for xingshangdao; if you combine it with the old scene for xingzhongdao; if you are longer than the old scene for xingxiadao. "

Literature achievements

In the 11th year of Daoguang (1831), he became a scholar the next year. He was the magistrate of Luochuan, Shiquan, Jingyang and Fucheng counties in Shaanxi Province. After returning home to take care of his illness, he became the magistrate of Longzhou in Shaanxi Province. His life is full of books, and his family calls him "bookworm". When Ren Xianling was appointed, most of his salary was used to buy books. When he saw different books, he copied them by hand. He is specialized in textual research, collation and collection of ancient literature. By the 29th year of Daoguang (1849), he had collected more than 57500 volumes of ancient books. The library has "yuhanshanfang" and "hongouhuaxuan". According to the collection of the family, we have carefully organized and imitated the styles of "Jun Zhai Du Shu Zhi Zhi Zhi Shu Lu Jie ti" by Chao Gongwu and Chen Zhensun. We have compiled 25 volumes of "Yu Han Shan Fang Cangshu Lu" and one volume of "sequel", which is divided into four parts, namely classics, history, Zi and Ji, and 61 categories

Chinese PinYin : Ma Guo Han