Liu Changyou

Liu Changyou

Liu Changyou (1818-1887), a famous general of Hunan army in the late Qing Dynasty, was born in Xinning, Hunan Province.

At the beginning of the year, he held group training in Hunan and was friendly with Jiang Zhongyuan. In 1852, Bagong went to Guangxi with Jiang Zhongyuan to suppress the Taiping Army and the tiandihui uprising. In the spring of the next year, because of the fight against the Liuyang Zhengyi hall, they promoted the county magistrate and promoted Tongzhi. In June, when the Taiping army besieged Nanchang, they were ordered to lead an army from Changsha to help Nanchang. Immediately, they went with Luo Zenan to help solve Ji'an siege, and sent troops to conquer Taihe. Later, they were promoted to the magistrate. After Jiang Zhongyuan died in Luzhou (today's Hefei), he was ordered by Luo Bingzhang, governor of Hunan Province, and led thousands of troops with his younger brother Zhongyuan to help him conquer Yuanzhou (today's Yichun) and Linjiang (today's Zhangshu) and other places. In the battle of taipingwei in Yuanzhou in 1857, the whole army was defeated. Liu Kun was forced to surrender to Fenyi. In 1859, he returned to Hunan to fight with the heaven and Earth Society and pursued Shi Dakai's army. After occupying Liuzhou, he was promoted to the chief envoy of Guangxi. Next year, he served as governor of Guangxi. In 1862, he was promoted to the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and immediately transferred to the governor of Zhili to fight against Zhang Xizhu and song Jingshi, the uprising army of Bailian religion in Northwest Shandong.

In 1867, the salt people of Cangzhou held an uprising under the leadership of Zhang Liu and others. With thousands of people approaching the capital, he was dismissed because of ineffective suppression. After 1871, he successively served as governor of Guangdong and governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. He advocated strengthening border defense, resisting French aggression and supporting Liu Yongfu's aid to Vietnam and resisting France. Later, he died. Posthumous title: Wu Shen. He is the author of Liu Wu Shen Gong's posthumous letter.

Life of the characters

Liu Changyou (1818-1887), a native of Xinning County, Hunan Province, was born in 1818.

Daoguang 29 years (1849) Bagong.

In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Chu Yong with Jiang Zhongyuan attacked Guangxi Taiping army. In the following year, he followed Jiang Zhongyuan to suppress Zhou Guoyu and other members of the Liuyang Zhengyi hall. Since then, Jiang Zhongyuan led the troops out of the country and fought with the Taiping Army in Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui and other provinces. Liu Changyou went to help many times. After Jiang Zhongyuan died in Luzhou in the war, he was appointed as a supplementary magistrate in January 1856 to suppress the tiandihui uprising in Wendong, and the rest of the army was stationed in Linwu, Hunan. At the order of Luo Bingzhang, governor of Hunan Province, he led 5000 troops, including Xiao Qijiang. Chu Yong entered Jiangxi Province from Hunan Province to rescue Zeng Guofan. He successively captured Pingxiang, Yuanzhou, Linjiang and other Taiping Army strongholds, and promoted them to Taoism.

In March of the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), he was defeated by Taiping Army and seriously injured in Taiping market of Jiangxi Province. In the battle of Taiping ruins in Yuanzhou, Xuan was hit hard by the Taiping army, and the whole army was defeated. It was only by Jiang Zhongyi (his cousin Jiang Zhongyuan) who led the rescue team to recover the situation.

In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Shi Dakai led his troops from Nan'an, Jiangxi Province to Hunan Province, conquering Chen and GUI, and forcing Yongzhou. Liu Changyou and Jiang Zhongyi led their troops to help and liberate Yongzhou. Shi Dakai's army besieged Baoqing, and Liu and Li Xuyi blocked the East and West routes separately. In August, the Shi army withdrew its encirclement, went south to Dong'an, and moved to Guangxi. Liu led the army to pursue and capture Liuzhou. He actually granted Guangxi envoys and transferred them to be political envoys. In Guangxi, the "dachengguo" regime established by the heaven and Earth Society of Guangdong and Guangxi was put out, and the governor of Guangxi was promoted.

In the first year of tongzhi (1862), he dispatched troops to assist Zhejiang, led the army to eliminate the enemy in the territory, promoted to the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and handed over the Chu army to Liu Kun for unified leadership, and stayed in Guangxi. Soon after, Liu Changyou was transferred to the governor of Zhili to fight against Zhang Xizhu, a peasant uprising army in Northwest Shandong, and song Jingshi. In 1866, Tongzhi tried to cultivate rice fields in the Haihe area, and rectified the Changlu salt method. In 1867, zhangliu uprising of Yanmin in Cangzhou, thousands of people attacked Gu'an and Bazhou, endangering the capital. Liu Changyou was demoted to stay in office because of his carelessness.

In 1871, Li served as governor of Guangdong and Guangxi and governor of Ren Yungui for eight years. At that time, "the Vietnamese escaped bandits harassed, and there was no peace outside the pass.". Chang Youshu said: "the bandits in the wasteland can be attacked near but not far away; the teachers in the border pass can help to defend but can't suppress more. If they are sincere, they will go deep, and the way back may be empty. The more suppression, the more troops will be added, and the pay will be doubled. " He discussed with Feng Zicai and others, and finally defeated him. In 1881 (the seventh year of Daoguang), after the French occupied Hanoi, they "spied on Tokyo in Vietnam". Chang Youshang Shu said: "France's plan is to trade with Yunnan". He defended the border and went south to help Vietnam Resist France and defend the country. He became an anti imperialist and patriotic minister.

In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), Liu Changyou returned home due to illness. In 1887, he died in his hometown of Xinning, Hunan Province. He was 69 years old. He was posthumously named Wushen. He has the "letter of liuwushen".

Main achievements

Guangxi government

Eliminate the bureaucracy

After taking over Guangxi's government affairs, Liu Changyou thought that the situation in Guangxi at that time should be the first to save the people's livelihood. He has dealt with the corrupt tongzhi (ancient official name, called deputy). He Xingda and Ma yuanbiao, who sold cinnamon and rhinoceros horn to Vietnam without permission, greatly improved the officialdom. In order to crack down on official corruption and set an example for his subordinates, he was strict with his family members, who were forbidden to corrupt and extravagant because of their official positions. In 1860, Liu Changyou's wife, Mrs. Li, his fourth son, Liu sixun, and his younger brother, Liu Youqing, led their families to Guangxi to escape the Hunan bandits. He did not allow local officials to enter and leave their families' houses without permission, and resolutely put an end to bribery.

Liu Changyou straightened out the administration of officials and paid attention to the selection and assessment of officials. He is against judging people by their background and qualifications. For those with special talents, they are always promoted and reused, such as Yao Qingchen, the county magistrate of Long'an County, who was born in the army.

After the war, the official offices in Guangxi were seriously damaged. The officials could only work in houses or temples, which affected the normal work of the government and made it difficult to establish their prestige. Under the circumstances of extremely financial difficulties, Liu Changyou raised funds in many ways, and used six years to repair the Yamen office, so that the work of the local government could be carried out smoothly.

Guangxi is located in the southwest frontier, since the Yuan Dynasty Tusi system has been implemented for a long time. Although there were a large number of chieftains in ertai during the Yongzheng period. In dealing with the Tusi issue, Liu Changyou took cautious and prudent measures. Liu Changyou took resolute measures to punish the tyranny of chieftain who could not mediate. For example, Mo Yunyi, a local tyrant in Nandan Prefecture, was arrogant and domineering by running regiment training. Liu Changyou sent troops to capture him and sentenced him to death, which made the people applaud him. In addition, cen Hong, the Tusi official family in Tianzhou (today's Tianyang), and Censen, the Tusi official family, fought for the position of Tusi. At the request of the local people, Liu Changyou asked to change the Tusi to Liuliu, where a new Enlong county was set up. The place near Baise in Tianzhou was assigned to Baise, and Liuguan, troops and schools were stationed.

Rectifying taxes

During his tenure in Guangxi, Liu Changyou asked the newly recovered prefectures and counties after the war subsided to provide them with money and food, so as to reduce the burden of the local people. The amount of money and grain accumulated over the years will also be exempted, and the current collection will be postponed or reduced. Liu Changyou thought that it was impractical for him to ask Guangxi to provide a large number of wood, such as Tongban, chenhuangsong, Cunninghamia lanceolata, and Pinus tabulaeformis, in order to win the favor of Cixi, and to repair the Old Summer Palace. So he put forward that: in the years of war in Guangxi, Liang Dongyi's wood was destroyed by war, and the rest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus tabulaeformis were not up to size. Maple cypress and chenhuangsong were not produced in Guangxi Moreover, the roads in Guangxi are rugged and the transportation is not easy, so it should not be provided.

In the Qing Dynasty, there was no unified standard for the collection of Lijin. The types of taxes, the places where the cards were set up, and the procedures of handling affairs were all decided by the local governments. In order to get as many benefits as possible, local officials often set up checkpoints everywhere, and many Li Jin were pocketed. This greatly hindered the commercial circulation, and the merchants complained. In order to get rid of all kinds of malpractices in Likin, Liu Changyou appointed Wang Huafeng, the trusted Prime Minister of Youjiang Road, to handle Likin affairs, and other staff took turns by drawing lots; meanwhile, he reduced the number of Likin from 86 to 27, and reduced the tax rate to exempt small goods. In order to ensure the smooth flow of trade routes, he also sent troops to protect them.

After years of war, social order was disrupted, people were displaced, and some landlords were also in exile. The land was deserted or almost changed, and the land relationship changed greatly. To this end, Liu Changyou ordered the local government to re measure and clean up the land and strengthen the collection of land taxes. Guangxi's geographical conditions were suitable for sericulture, so Liu Changyou asked local officials to actively promote it to the people.

The implementation of the above measures has greatly reduced the burden of the people, and the burden of Guangxi has been reduced by hundreds of thousands of taels due to the exemption of silver. The common people were able to recuperate, a large number of wasteland was reclaimed, and agricultural production gradually recovered and developed. The rectification of Lijin enlivened commerce, facilitated people's life, greatly increased local fiscal revenue, and changed the situation of Guangxi's poor economy, which often depended on other provinces to assist in the payment.

Advocating culture and education

At that time, Guangxi went through war, and its culture and education were relatively backward. Some people once summarized it as "culture and education were not established, and talents were simple and crude". Liu Changyou first advocated the restoration of propriety. He saw that the sacrificial rites in Guilin Confucian temple were abandoned, and he specially invited teachers from Liling, Hunan Province to restore them.

Because of the frequent wars, the examination sheds in Guangxi were destroyed, and the authorities had no time to hold the local examinations, so many examinations were cancelled. Liu Changyou ordered people to rebuild the examination shed and began to make up for the local examination. In view of the fact that the poor students of Zhenan prefecture (now Guangxi Debao) in Guangxi would have a long way to go to Nanning for the scientific examination, and that the fees were short and inconvenient, he set up an examination shed in Zhenan to facilitate candidates to rush to Nanning for the examination. Holding the scientific examination required a lot of funds. Seeing Guangxi's financial difficulties, he took the lead in donating money. In the imperial examination, Liu Changyou strictly enforced the discipline of the examination room and strictly prohibited malpractice for personal gain.

Liu Changyou also attached importance to school education. In Guilin, the provincial capital, there were only two academies, Xiufeng and Xuancheng. On this basis, Liu Changyou built the Guishan Academy in 1872 at the foot of Diecai mountain in the north of the city

Chinese PinYin : Liu Zhang You