Deng Tingzhen

Deng Tingzhen

Deng Tingzhen (1776-1846), whose name is Wei Zhou and Yi Yun, was later named Miao Jixiang room old man and Gangmu old man. Han nationality, from Nanjing. The ancestor is the descendant of Deng Sugong in Shaxian County.

His ancestral home is mingyuewan, Xishan, Dongting, Suzhou. He was an official of the Qing Dynasty and one of the generals of the Opium War. He was a Jinshi in the sixth year of Jiaqing. He was good at calligraphy, poetry, and editing. He was the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Guangxi. He worked with Lin Zexu to ban opium and repel the British warship provocation. After the adjustment of Fujian and Zhejiang, they sat in Guangdong to deal with bad things and garrison Yili. Shi Huan moved to governor of Shaanxi. There are many works such as Shi Yan Zhai Shi Chao. There is a "Tomb of Deng Tingzhen" in Nanjing for worshiping and hanging.

Life of the characters

Deng Tingzhen, born in Xishan, Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, was born in Nanjing. In 1801, he was a Jinshi, selected a good scholar, taught editing, and repeatedly held Township and joint examinations. He has successively held the posts of Ningbo, Zhejiang, Yan'an, Yulin, Xi'an, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, etc. In 1826, he was governor of Daoguang, Anhui Province. In June 1836, Xu Naiji asked to lift the ban on opium. He began to agree that "the lifting of the ban is beneficial to the national economy and the people's livelihood." Later, due to the influence of Zhu Yi and Xu Qiu's strong support for banning smoking, and witnessing the serious harm of opium, the ban was changed from lifting to banning in the spring of 1837. Guan Tianpei, the commander in chief of the Advisory Council's navy, paid more attention to patrol in rainy nights and bravely arrested and punished. At the beginning of 1839, Emperor Daoguang was determined to work with Lin Zexu, the imperial envoy, to "fight blood and sincerity together, so as to dispel the great trouble". He actively assisted Lin Zexu in checking and banning opium smuggling, collecting opium, buying wooden rafts and iron chains, and rectifying coastal defense, and became Lin Zexu's close colleague. In December of the 19th year of Daoguang (January of 1840), he was transferred to the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. He bought foreign guns, built battery, recruited brave men, went out to sea to patrol and strengthen the garrison. In July, the British warship invaded Xiamen. He personally supervised the naval division Shuiyong to repel the invading army. He was framed by the capitulators and dismissed from his post at the same time as Lin Zexu. He was also the first minister to publicly oppose the ceding of Hong Kong. Later, he became governor of Shaanxi and governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and vigorously organized reclamation in Northwest China. He died in 1846.

personal works

He is also good at rhyme. His notes and poems are in parallel with the world. There are "poetry double tone rhyme spectrum", "Shuowen Jiezi double tone rhyme spectrum", "Shi GuanZhai Shichao", "shuangyanzhai Cihua" and so on. In addition, he is a famous calligrapher. He also works in calligraphy. He is good at writing Xiaozhuan, Kaixing and Xingti, especially Xiaozhuan. Shuowen xuci axis, a small seal script with jade tendons, is in the collection of Nanjing Museum. It was written when he was released from Yili in his later years and separated from his best friend Lin Zexu. From his upright beauty, we can see his upright temperament.

Main story

Opium is strictly prohibited

From "lifting the ban" to resolutely banning smoking

In 1835, when Deng Tingzhen was the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, opium had already changed from medicinal materials to drugs mainly in the form of smuggling. A large number of opium was illegally imported into China, resulting in the overflow of domestic tobacco and drugs and the outflow of silver, seriously endangering the national economy and people's livelihood. In April of the 16th year of Daoguang (1836), Xu Naiji, the Shaoqing of Taichang temple, formally put forward the idea of lifting opium trade. After receiving Xu Naiji's Memorial, Emperor Daoguang granted it to Deng Tingzhen, governor of Guangdong Qi Gong, and supervisor of Guangdong Customs Wen Xiang. On the second day of September in the 16th year of Daoguang (October 11, 1836), they agreed with Xu Naiji's theory of lifting the ban. They believed that Xu Zhe's statement of the current malpractice was true, and that "if Yu Yun was accepted, lifting the ban would be beneficial to the national economy and the people's livelihood", and put forward nine specific measures for lifting the ban. Deng Tingzhen and others developed and embodied Xu Naiji's theory of prohibition, and prepared to put it into practice. It legalized the import, transportation and cultivation of opium. At that time, it was widely spread in Guangzhou, and had a very bad impact. "All the food peddlers were jubilant and blatant.". However, with the development of the situation, in the face of the grim reality that the opium trade will lead to the national crisis, especially after Xu Naiji's theory of lifting the ban was refuted by Zhu Yi, Xu Qiu, Yuan Yulin and other people and condemned by the just public opinion, Deng Tingzhen reviewed his past ideas of lifting the ban and seriously implemented the policy of banning opium smuggling in Guangdong. After a lot of investigation and study, he took some decisive measures. Through Wu Chongyao, the general manager of thirteen foreign companies, he informed the British business supervisor that all opium barges berthed in foreign countries and inland must return home, not to stay, not to enter the port of Guangzhou. However, because the British refused to give up the huge benefits of their opium trade, they continued to carry out rampant smuggling activities, and because the officials secretly took bribes, colluded with the Opium smugglers and acted in collusion with each other, they failed to carry out effectively.

Strengthen coastal defense and face provocation

In 1837, the British commercial supervision law and opium dealers such as chadun, Britain and Madison deliberately destroyed the Opium ban, urging the British bourgeois government to send troops and ships to threaten China with force to open the Opium ban, so as to expand and legalize the opium trade. With the support of righteousness and law, the armed opium smuggling ships rushed into Huangpu port again to sell opium privately. Deng Tingzhen severely denounced Yilv's unreasonable provocation, and asked him to hand over and expel nine opium traffickers, including chadun, Diandi and madichen. However, Yilv's banditry was carried out after he planned together with the Opium dealers. He relied on force to deny that he would not hand over the Opium dealers or expel them. In this regard, Deng Tingzhen insisted on the policy of never giving up, forcing Yilv's threat to fail and had to withdraw from Guangzhou automatically. During this year, more than 500 soldiers and their families, including the warship "wolayu", led by the commander of the East India defense area fleet supported by the British government, arrived in Macao, claiming to inspect trade as a commercial supervisor. Deng Tingzhen ordered the water and land divisions to strictly guard the passes of the fortresses and strictly patrol them. He also solemnly declared that it was against Chinese laws and regulations for matalun to enter Guangzhou and resolutely drove matalun away, so that matalun's armed provocation could not succeed. Deng Tingzhen conscientiously organized the eastern, Western and central navy of Guangdong to strengthen coastal defense. He urged the navy commander Guan Tianpei to set up a commander's office in Shajiao to closely monitor and control the Haikou of Zhonglu. He also worked with Guan Tianpei to climb mountains across the sea and carefully designed the construction of the three lines of defense in Humen. In addition, hundreds of inland kilns were investigated and closed, smuggling and detention vessels were captured, and smuggling vessels and any vessels in the mainland were forbidden to get close to those opium barges which had been moored in and out of the country for a long time, so that British Opium barges could not sell opium.

Cooperation with Lin destructed opium

In the April of the 18th year of Daoguang (June 1838), Huang Juezi, the Minister of Honglu temple, played "please strictly stop and leak the book to cultivate the country". Considering the interests of feudal rule, especially after Lin Zexu hit the nail on the head in his memorial of banning smoking, Emperor Daoguang decided to adopt a strict ban policy. On the one hand, he reduced Xu Naiji, who openly advocated the theory of banning smoking, to the top of six grades, and on the other hand, he was appointed as the leader He ordered Lin Zexu to go to Guangdong to investigate opium. He also ordered Deng Tingzhen and Guangdong governor Yi Liang to work together with Lin Zexu. Deng Tingzhen was very excited to learn that Lin Zexu was going to Guangdong. When Lin Zexu was on his way to Guangdong, Deng Tingzhen wrote a letter to Lin Zexu, vowing that "those who don't agree with each other are like the sea", expressing his willingness to "work together to eliminate the source of China's great disaster". Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou on March 10, 1839 and began to ban smoking. Deng Tingzhen actively supported and cooperated closely with Lin Zexu, becoming Lin Zexu's close partner in promoting the ban on smoking in Guangdong. In a short period of time, they seized the Opium dealers in the mainland, raided the kilns, cracked down on and expelled the armed opium barges, and personally supervised the collection of more than 20000 boxes and bags and more than 2 million jin of opium in Humen. From April 22 to May 15 (June 3 to 25), they were destroyed at Humen beach, announcing to the world the justice of China's ban on smoking. In the construction of Humen coastal defense, Deng Tingzhen often accompanied Lin Zexu to inspect and study in various Haikou, put forward constructive suggestions, and cooperated well with each other.

Yungui and governor of Fujian and Zhejiang

In December of the 19th year of Daoguang (January of 1840), the Qing government transferred Deng Tingzhen to be governor of Yungui and Liangjiang, but he did not take office yet. Because Du Yanshi, the censor of Shaanxi Province, wrote a report on Fujian's ban on smoking and coastal defense, he was transferred to be governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. Qi Junzao, the right Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, and Huang Juezi, the left Minister of the Ministry of punishment, were appointed to investigate and deal with the case. Deng Tingzhen went from Guangdong to Fujian and actively strengthened coastal defense construction. He, Qi Junzao, Huang Juezi and others, according to the characteristics of Fujian coastal topography, studied and decided to build a 500 Zhang stone wall in Hulishan, which protrudes from the sea in the south of Xiamen Island, and built barracks and flexible and practical gun piers behind the stone wall. One hundred iron cannons were installed on Xiamen Island, and more than 160 iron cannons were installed on Gulangyu Island and Yuzai harbor. He also mobilized the land soldiers of Zhangzhou, Tongan, Xinghua and Yanping to cooperate in defense, greatly improving the coastal defense ability of Xiamen Island in Fujian Province, and using all the 14 Foreign guns he bought from Guangdong. The British aggressors called it "long battery". They also formulated new regulations on coastal defense, which charged the land and water divisions to jointly attack or cooperate with the British armed merchant ships and warships on the sea, and to encircle and intercept the Opium dealers in the mainland, so as to curb their collusion with the British Opium dealers. Deng Tingzhen banned opium and punished Zhangzhou

Chinese PinYin : Deng Ting Zhen