Hongwen Museum

Hongwen Museum

Hong Wen Guan, official name. In the fourth year of Wude of Tang Dynasty (621 AD), Wenguan was set up in menxia province. Nine years later, Taizong ascended the throne and changed his name to hongwenguan. More than 200000 volumes of books were collected. When there is a system evolution and the importance of etiquette in the dynasty, it is necessary to consult with them. We should set up the collating scholar, take charge of collating and managing the classics, and correct the mistakes. There is one Librarian in charge of the library. Dozens of students were selected from the royal family and the children of senior Beijing officials.

In the first year of emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty (705 AD), he changed his name from Prince Li Hong to zhaowenguan. Xuanzong Kaiyuan seven years (AD 719) still changed hongwenguan. Because the students were born in the nobility and did not specialize in business, after the founding of the new year, they were required to take the exam according to the national regulations, but the number of students who passed the exam was halved. At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Hongwen library was also set up, which was soon abolished. During Xuande period, Hongwen pavilion was rebuilt and soon merged into Wenyuan Pavilion.

historical origin

The cultural prosperity of Tang Dynasty is closely related to Li Shimin's thought of valuing culture. In the pioneering stage of the Tang Dynasty, when the army was rushing, in 621 A.D., a "Literature Museum" was set up in the west of Chang'an palace city to attract celebrities from all over the world, known as "Eighteen scholars", including Du Ruhui, Fang Xuanling, Yu Zhining, Lu Deming, Kong Yingda, Yu Shinan and other celebrities. Li Shimin and them "lead the ceremony to become the code, smooth the text and chant elegance." (quantangwen) when Li Shimin ascended the throne the second month, he ordered to gather 200000 volumes of books in hongwendian and set up "hongwenguan", which is not only the National Library, but also the place for the emperor to recruit literary talents. He gathered Chu Liang, Yao Silian, Cai Yungong, Xiao Deyan and other talents, "at the time of listening to the court, he introduced the hall and talked about the literature." "Or until midnight." (Tang Hui Yao) the two libraries have only a few years in succession. They have made great contributions in gathering talents and developing culture. Fang and Du were both ministers in the early Tang Dynasty. Together with Wei Zheng, they were the right assistants of Emperor Taizong. Fang Xuanling was ordered to rewrite the book of Jin, and Du Ruhui was ordered to make various rules and regulations. Lu Deming and Kong Yingda are both famous Confucian classics scholars in Tang Dynasty. Lu Deming's classic interpretation is an important work on the study of Chinese characters, phonology and classics, while Kong Yingda's Wujing Zhengyi is the standard book for imperial examination in Tang Dynasty. Yao Silian and Wei Zheng wrote Chen Shu together. Yu Zhining, Yu Shinan, Chu Liang, Cai Yungong and Xiao Deyan all have their own poems. Their works can be found in the whole Tang poetry. Yu Shinan has 29 poems such as "marching in the army" and "leaving the fortress", and Chu Liang has 17 poems such as "praying for the valley movement" and "Lingao". These cultural people can be said to be Li Shimin's "think tank". Some of them worked for the formulation of national policies, some for the writing of historical books, and some for the development of culture. Emperor Taizong praised Yu Shinan for his virtue, loyalty, erudition, diction and calligraphy (complete Tang Poetry) Chu Liang, "Expo, work belongs to the text.". when Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty was the king of Qin Dynasty, Liang was regarded as the king's literature. Every time from the expedition to the plot. " (complete Tang Poetry) Li Shimin and the scholars of "hongwenguan" discussed the government, attached importance to culture, and made great efforts to create their own works. His palace poems are magnificent, his landscape poems have a long lasting charm, and his poems of chanting are impassioned. What he created is not only the great political and economic cause of the Tang Dynasty, but also the splendid culture of the Tang Dynasty. His "imperial capital chapter" describes the life of emperors, such as facing the court, reading books, reading martial arts, listening to songs, watching dances, hunting and banquets. It expresses broad mind in the ordinary, and reflects the style of Tang Dynasty in detail. His book "return to Shaanxi and narrate the feelings of caressing the sword after the bloody war", in which the description of March, camp and attack is coherent in conception and complete in one go. Narration, scenery, discussion and lyricism are skillfully integrated into a furnace, with neat antithesis, sonorous rhyme, concise language and vivid image. Li Shimin's poems have extraordinary bearing. We should study the language, pay attention to the artistic conception, try to understand and explore the similarity of spirit. His excellent poems can be seen everywhere. "The emperor of Qin Chuan is the residence of the emperor, and the residence of Zhuang emperor in the valley of letters." (imperial capital chapter) uses the grand and dangerous of Qinchuan and Hangu to set off the commanding momentum of the Imperial Palace, with good intentions and painstaking efforts; "chop the whale, clear the blue sea, roll the fog and sweep the Fusang." (banquet Zhongshan) is also an earth shaking pen, with extraordinary momentum and shock; "the vast sea is full of waves, and the mountains are covered with snow." This is a huge picture of mountains and seas. It arouses readers' endless Association and thinking. The words are ordinary, but the picture is magnificent. This is the artistic conception of Tang poetry. It can be said that the "Hongwen hall" was a melting pot of Tang Dynasty culture. Although it was not large in scale, it gathered and created a group of talents here.

The establishment of government

The Bachelor of Hongwen library is the chief officer, responsible for correcting books, teaching students, consulting the court system and etiquette. They are all the children of imperial relatives, first-class officials, prime ministers and meritorious officials. They are 14-19 years old. All students teach and take examinations, such as Guozijian. Two proofreaders (from Jiupin) were in charge of proofreading classics and correcting mistakes. There are 2 Lingshi, 12 kaishu, 2 Gongjin, 2 dianshu, 3 tuoshu, 3 pensmith, 8 paper decorators, 2 TingChang and 4 ZhangGu. In the fourth year of Wude, the Wenguan was set up in the province under the gate; in the ninth year of Wude, it was renamed hongwenguan. In the first year of Zhenguan, there were 24 people who were interested in calligraphy and worked in the imperial palace. Then there was a doctor of lecture. Yifengzhong, home to the full bachelor, school management map. After martial arts, they were all led by other officials at the same time. They were called bachelor's degree above five grades, direct bachelor's degree below six grades, and direct Library of literature. When Empress Wu Hung the arch, he was called the head of the museum as the prime minister and the consul, and one of them judged the affairs of the museum. In the first year of Shenlong (705 AD), hongwenguan was changed to zhaowenguan instead of Lihong, and xiuwenguan was named in the second year of Shenlong. In 2 years, Jinglong has 4 bachelor, 8 bachelor and 12 direct bachelor. Jingyunzhong, by reducing the number of its members, is called zhaowenguan. In the 7th year of Kaiyuan period, it was renamed hongwenguan. It was set up to collate Shulang, as well as to collate and correct mistakes. In the third year of Changqing period, he was called a Bachelor of five grades or more, a straight Bachelor of six grades or less, and a straight library if he didn't go to court.

Chinese PinYin : Hong Wen Guan