Yao Xing
Yao Xing
Yao Xing (366-416) was born in Chang'an County, Jingzhao county (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). He was an outstanding statesman and Buddhist in the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the second emperor of the later Qin Dynasty and the eldest son of Yao Changdi, Emperor Wuzhao of the Qin Dynasty.
He is benevolent in nature and has extraordinary bearing. At the beginning of his official career in the former Qin Dynasty, he was granted the crown prince's sacrifice. After the founding of the people's Republic of China in the late Qin Dynasty, he was appointed as the crown prince and left behind Chang'an. In the ninth year of Jianchu, after defeating the former Qin Fu Deng, he officially ascended the throne and was named Huangchu. During Yao Xing's reign, he was diligent in politics, ruling the country and the people. We should develop economy, build water conservancy, care about farming and show solicitude for the orphans and widows. In the sixth year of the emperor's reign (399), facing frequent natural disasters, he gave up his imperial title. To unify the Guanlong area and realize the tripartite confrontation of the later Qin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Hongshi (399), he led his troops to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty and captured Luoyang, basically controlling the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Hanshui River basins. However, in the later period of his reign, militarism led to the lack of national strength, and excessive taxes intensified class contradictions. Because of the internal contention for the throne, the crown prince Yao Hong was weak and mediocre, which led to the instability of the political situation and shaken the foundation of the country. When Yao Xing was in power, he respected Buddhism and Confucianism, invited Jiang Kan, chunyuqi and other great Confucians to give lectures in Chang'an, and asked Prince Yao Hong to worship chunyuqi as his teacher. In the third year of Hongshi (401), he welcomed kumarashi to Chang'an, organized a large-scale translation of Buddhist scriptures and built temples.
In the 18th year of Hongshi (416), Yao Xing died. His temple name was Gaozu, and his posthumous title was Emperor Wenhuan. He was buried in my mausoleum. He issued an imperial edict to crown prince Yao Hong to ascend the throne, and was eventually destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty's Taiwei Liu Yu.
Life of the characters
Early experience
Qiang is an ancient ethnic group in Northwest China, with more than 150 kinds of tribes at the earliest. Shaodang Qiang (also known as Yanzhong Qiang) on Yao xingzu belongs to the larger one. At the beginning of the second century AD, shaodangqiang was defeated by the Eastern Han government, and moved from Hequ (now Hequ in the southeast of Qinghai Province) to Hanyang (now Gangu County, Gansu Province), Anding (now Zhenyuan County, Gansu Province), and Longxi (now Lintao County, Gansu Province). During the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, a group of shaodang Qiang people living in chiting, Longxi, moved from chiting to Yimi (now east of Qianyang County, Shaanxi Province) under the leadership of Yao Yizhong, Yao Xing's grandfather. In the eighth year of Xianhe (333 A.D.), Shi Hu, the leader of Zhao Dynasty, moved to Guanzhong and more than 100000 Diqiang families to shiguandong. Yao Yizhong was granted the title of governor of Western Qiang by Shihu, and led tens of thousands of Qiang people to move to Qinghetou (now the northeast of Zaoqiang County, Hebei Province). In the later Zhao Dynasty, Yao Yizhong successively served as a servant, a general in the west, and a prime minister. After the fall of Zhao Dynasty, he accepted the title of nobility in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and served as the governor of the six barbarians, the general of chariots and cavalry, and the general of Da Danyu. After Yao Yizhong's death, Yao Xiang, Yao Xing's uncle, betrayed the Eastern Jin Dynasty, defeated Yin Hao, Yangzhou's assassin in shansang (now North of Mengcheng County, Anhui Province), stationed troops in Xuyi (now North of Xuyi county, Jiangsu Province), recruited refugees and initially established political power. Soon after, Yao Xiang led his troops back to Guanzhong. On the way, he was killed by the former Qin army. His younger brother Yao Chang led the rest of his troops to surrender to the former Qin.
Yao Chang, whose name is JINGMAO, is the father of Yao Xing. After he came to the pre Qin Dynasty, Yao Chang was awarded general Zuowei, general Yangwei and general Longxiang for his great achievements. He successively held the posts of commander of Longdong, Jijun, Hedong, Wudu, Wuwei, Brazil and Fufeng, governor of ningzhou, Youzhou and Yanzhou, and commander of infantry. After the war of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty, which failed in the southern expedition, fell apart. In the ninth year of Taiyuan (384), Yao Chang got the support of the Qiang people in Guanzhong and the rich people in Northwest China. In Weibei, Mamu formally separated from the former Qin Dynasty and rebuilt his political power. He called himself the great general, the great Danyu, the king of the Qin Dynasty, and the white sparrow in Jianyuan. It is called the post Qin Dynasty in history. Yao Chang's strength developed rapidly, and his ethnic groups had more than 100000 households. Fu Jian, the former leader of the Qin Dynasty, sent a large army to attack Yao Chang several times, but failed to win. In July of the next year, Fu Jian, who was trapped in Chang'an, broke through the siege of Murong family in Xianbei and reached Wujiang mountain (now northeast of Qishan County in Shaanxi Province), and was captured and killed by Yao Chang. In the third year of Baique (386), the Murong family of Xianbei gave up Chang'an and went east. Yao Chang took the opportunity to occupy Chang'an and called it emperor Gaiyuan. Although the later Qin Dynasty defeated some separatist forces around and basically controlled Guanzhong, Fu Deng, who occupied Longxi, insisted on being the enemy of Yao Chang, which made it uneasy. Fu Deng is the grandson of Fu Jian. After the death of Fu Jian and Fu PI, he became emperor and had more than 100000 members. Yao Chang and his younger brother Yao shuoder fought against him many times, but failed to eliminate him. In December of the ninth year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (January 394), Yao Chang died and his son Yao Xing succeeded him.
New to the throne
Yao Xing was Yao Chang's eldest son. Later, when the Qin Dynasty was founded, he was made the crown prince. He was 24 years old. In the pre Qin period, Yao Xing was the prince of Fu Jian. Yao Chang and Ma Mu started to fight. Yao Xing was in Chang'an when he heard the news. After hearing the news, he ran away and went to his father. After the founding of the people's Republic of China in the late Qin Dynasty, Yao Chang often went out to fight with Fu Deng, and Yao Xing guarded Chang'an as the crown prince to manage political affairs. During this period, Yao Xing established a relatively harmonious relationship with some Han Confucian scholars and was influenced by them. In March of the seventh year (392) of the late Qin Dynasty, Yao Chang fell ill at the front line. He called Yao Xing to camp in Anding to make arrangements for his future affairs. Before leaving, Yao Xing worried that the demoted generals of Fu Qin were not easy to control, so he decisively eliminated them all. After reaching stability, Yao Chang's condition eased and Yao Xing was left in the army. In May of the second year, there was internal strife within Fu Deng's regime, and his right Prime Minister Dou Chong left Fu Deng and became king of Qin. In July, Dou Chong was surrounded and turned to Yao Chang for help. Yin Wei, the counselor of the later Qin Dynasty, suggested that Yao Chang send Yao Xing to give the prince a chance to actually take part in the battle and increase his ability to cope with emergencies in the future. The first time Yao Xing led the army to command the battle, he won a great victory. In the battle, he skillfully avoided a decisive battle with Fu Deng's army and adopted the tactics of directly attacking the enemy's nest. As a result, he successfully completed the rescue plan with minimal cost to the enemy. Yao Chang was quite satisfied with his son's ability to govern the country by unifying the army. On his deathbed, assistant minister Yao Huang asked about his plan to attack Fu Deng. Yao Chang replied, "this great cause will soon succeed. Yao Xing is smart enough to do it. You don't have to ask me. "
When Yao Chang died, the burden on Yao Xing was very heavy. He not only dealt with Fu Deng, but also prevented various forces within the post Qin regime. Therefore, Yao Xing did not immediately lose his heart. He was afraid that his uncles Yao Xu and Yao shuoder in Anding and Yinmi (now the west of Lingtai County in Gansu Province) and his brother Yao chongwenxun in Chang'an, the garrison, would launch a rebellion. Among the three, Yao shuoder has the highest prestige and the strongest military strength, and is the greatest threat to Yao Xing. However, Yao shuoder was deeply aware of the general interests and took the overall situation into consideration. He did not want to find a fight and give the first hand to others before Fu Deng died. In order to dispel Yao Xing's worries, he soon came to Chang'an to express his attitude and acknowledge Yao Xing's leadership, thus easing the tension in the post Qin Dynasty. Yao Xing treated each other with sincerity and courtesy. Fu Deng was very happy to hear that Yao Chang had died. He mobilized the army to March eastward with all his strength, preparing to wipe out houqin at one stroke. Fu Deng successively captured yaonu and Bopu towns and reached the abandoned bridge near Shiping. Shiping (to the west of today's Fuyi District of Xi'an city) is located on the Bank of the Wei River, less than 100 li away from Chang'an. After the Qin Dynasty, Liu jinu, the prefect of Xianyang, rebelled again. The situation is very unfavorable to Yao Xing.
In order to reduce the disturbance caused by the name problem, Yao Xing decided not to be emperor for the time being. He called himself the general, took Yin Wei, the assistant minister, as the commander, and di Bozhi as the Sima. He reorganized the army to meet Fu Deng. Yao Xing was calm in the face of danger. First of all, he made a surprise attack on Xianyang and captured Liu jinu. Then, he led the army to the abandoned bridge and rescued Shiping.
Yin Wei, who arrived at Shiping first, accepted the advice of Yao Xian, the prefect of Shiping, and confronted Fu Deng at the abandoned bridge. Yin Wei ordered the army to hold the fort, consume the enemy and cut off the enemy's water supply. Fu Deng's troops were short of water and thirsty, so they frequently attacked the abandoned bridge. Yin Wei believes that the time is ripe to destroy the enemy and is ready to launch a counter attack on the whole line. Yao Xing worried that Fu Deng's power was too strong, so he hurried to dissuade him. "Today's situation is very unstable. If we don't have the courage to defeat the enemy, we will be finished," Yin Wei explained
In the early summer of the first year (394), the two armies launched a decisive battle in the abandoned bridge. In this war, the later Qin Dynasty won a great victory. Fu Deng's army collapsed completely. He himself fled to Pingliang (now the west of Pingliang City, Gansu Province) and hid in mamao mountain.
The battle of abandoned bridge was an important battle that decided Yao Xing's fate. It laid the foundation for the later Qin Dynasty to destroy Fu Deng and dominate Guanlong. The victory of the war greatly improved Yao Xing's prestige and consolidated his position. After the abolition of the bridge, Yao Xing formally mourned Yao Chang and ascended to the throne in Huaili near Shiping. Through this campaign, Yao Xing deepened his understanding of Yin Wei and established a close relationship between them. The Yin family is a large Tianshui family. In the pre Qin period, they were imprisoned by Fu Jian, and Yin Wei was only regarded as an official. Yao Chang didn't pay much attention to him, but Yao Xing relied heavily on Yin Wei and successively appointed him as a general of the auxiliary state, a captain of the Sili school, and a servant of the minister.
In July of that year, Yao Xing ordered people to beg Fu Qian GUI to stop and rescue Fu Deng's army, while he personally led the army to attack mamao mountain. There, Yao Xing beat Fu Deng, captured him and killed him. In order to eliminate the hidden danger, Yao Xing disbanded Fu Deng's troops and arranged them to carry out agricultural production again. Yao Xing also moved 30000 households from Yinmi to Chang'an, in order to enrich the capital area which was short of manpower due to the migration of Di people and Xianbei Murong people. He divided the camp under his direct control into four parts, and the four armies led these households respectively.
Soon after returning to Chang'an, Yao Xing wiped out Dou Chong, a separatist force who was entrenched in Martial Arts (now the old martial arts in Shaanxi Province). After these efforts, the later Qin Dynasty finally controlled the Longdong area.
political and military achievements
In 396, Yao Xing occupied Chengji and Shangying (both places)
Chinese PinYin : Yao Xing
Yao Xing
