Zhao Xu
Zhao Xu
Song zhezong Zhao Xu
July 23, 1072-1100
Zhao Yu
The seventh emperor of the Song Dynasty (from April 1, 1085 to February 23, 1100), the sixth son of Zhao Xu, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, whose mother was Zhu, empress Qincheng.
In his early years, Zhao Xu was appointed Duke of Junguo and Prince of Yan'an. Yuanfeng eight years (1085), was made Prince, ascended the throne in the same year, only 10 years old, by the grandmother empress dowager Gao (gaotaotao) in the court. Gao used Sima Guang and others to restore the old method, which was called "Yuanyou genghua" in history. In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), Gao's family died, and Zhao Xu began to be in charge. After Zhao Xu came into power, he ordered Shaoshu to implement the new law of Yuanfeng. He dismissed the old party prime ministers fan Chunren and Lu Dafang, and appointed new parties such as Zhang Dun and Zeng bu. After the new party came into power, it gradually restored the new laws such as exemption from military service, young workers, and city trade. Later, the internal division of the new party greatly affected the new law and intensified the party struggle. Militarily, the battle of Hehuang was restarted, the Qing Tang area was collected, and two battles of pingxia city were launched to make Xixia submit.
In the third year of Yuanfu (1100), Zhao Xu died of illness. He was only 25 years old and had been in power for 15 years. His posthumous title was Emperor Xiande Dinggong, Emperor wenruiwu, Emperor shengzhaoxiao, temple name zhezong, and was buried in Yongtai mausoleum.
(photo source: the portrait axis of song zhezong collected in the Palace Museum, Taipei)
Life of the characters
Early experience
Zhao Yu
Zhao Xu (later renamed Zhao Xu) was born in Kaifeng, Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) on December 7, 1077. He was the sixth son of Zhao Xu, the emperor of Song Dynasty. His mother was a concubine named Zhu (empress Qincheng). Zeng Jia was appointed as the commander of the Imperial Academy and the governor of the Tianping army.
In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Zhao's servant was transferred to Kaifu Yitong third division and Zhangwu Jiedushi, and became the king of Yan'an.
In March of the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Shenzong hosted a banquet in Jiying hall. Zhao's servants stood by. Their appearance and behavior were highly praised by the officials and congratulated Shenzong one after another.
In February of the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Shenzong's condition became worse and worse, unable to deal with the government affairs. The Prime Minister Wang Yu led the prime minister to the meeting and asked for the establishment of a crown prince. The Empress Dowager Gao (empress xuanren shenglie) was in charge of the meeting. Shenzong could not speak, but nodded his head.
At that time, the ministers Cai Que and Xing Shu also had the intention of planning Zhao Hao, the king of Yong, and Zhao Kai, the king of Cao, who were the brothers of Shenzong. They wanted to achieve their goal through Gao Gong's painting and Gao Gong Ji, the nephew of Gao, but Gao Gong's painting refused. Cai Que and Xing Shu saw that the plot was difficult to succeed, so they decided to support Zhao's servant to win the success of the strategy. Cai really publicized that he had made great achievements in making policies. He falsely accused Gao and Wang of abolishing Zhao's servant.
Zhao Hao and Zhao Kai were also very concerned about the election of the crown prince. They often go to the palace to visit Shenzong. After seeing Shenzong, Zhao Hao went straight to Gao's place, trying to find out or talk about something. Shenzong could only look at it in anger, and seemed to be aware of his brother's intention. When Shenzong was dying, Zhao Hao even asked to stay with him. On the one hand, he ordered the guards to forbid the two kings from going to the bedchamber at will. On the other hand, he let the eunuch Liang Weijian's wife secretly make a royal robe for a ten-year-old child.
On March 1, when Wang Yu and others came to the audience, Gao praised Zhao's steady and intelligent character. Since Shenzong's illness, he had been copying Buddhist scriptures and praying for Shenzong's blessing. He was quite filial and said that he could recite seven volumes of the Analects of Confucius and that his writing was beautiful. She also passed on the Buddhist scriptures copied by Zhao Yu to the ministers and asked him to come out of the curtain to see Wang Yu and others. Wang Yu and others congratulated in unison. On the same day, the Gao family descended and made Zhao's servant the crown prince
Zhao Xu
The dispute over the crown prince came to an end.
Ascend to the throne as Emperor
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< sub > the party struggle in shuluoshuo
In March 1898 of the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Shenzong died, and Zhao Xu, who was only ten years old, ascended the throne. Empress Dowager Gao was honored as the Empress Dowager and was in charge of the imperial court.
Before Shenzong's death, Empress Dowager Gao did not approve of the reform. After she took power, she appointed Sima Guang as the servant of the family and LV Gong as the minister Zuo Cheng to participate in the government. Sima Guang used "Empress Dowager changed his mother to son (Shenzong)" as the theoretical basis for abolishing the new law, and the new law was gradually abolished. In July of 1085, Baojia Tuan Jiao was first abolished. Within half a year, fangtianjun tax law, Shiyi law and Baoma law were abolished one after another. At the beginning of the next year (1086), Sima Guang was seriously ill. He entrusted the task of abolishing the new law to LV Gong, and then proposed to abolish the exemption law. Despite the opposition of fan Chunren, Su Shi, Su Zhe and other members of the old party to hastily abolish the new law, he still issued an edict to abolish the exemption law and restore the official service law within five days. Cai Que and Zhang Dun, who were in power, were dismissed as local officials. Wen Yanbo, an 81 year old elder of the four dynasties, came back to take on the important task of balancing Zhang's army and country. In August of this year, the young people were killed. In September, Sima Guang died and was written by Lu Gong.
But at this time, the old party attacked each other because of political and academic differences and personnel strife. They were divided into the Luo Party headed by Cheng Yi from Luoyang, the Shu Party headed by Su Shi from Sichuan, and the Shuo Party headed by Liu Zhi, Liang Tao, Wang yansuo and Liu Anshi from Hebei. All the three parties inherited Sima Guang's will to abolish the new law and had great influence .
In the third year of Yuanyou's reign (1088), Duke Lu wrote a poem about his old age. LV Dafang and fan Chunren were appointed as the left and right prime ministers respectively. At the beginning of Sima Guang's administration, fan Chunren opposed the complete abolition of the new law, especially the abolition of the exemption law. At this time, he was appointed as the right prime minister, and defended the demotion or attack of the new party's Zhang Dun and Deng Wan, and the old party's su Shi and Han Wei. In 1089, he was dismissed because he did not approve of the excessive demotion of the new party Cai que. In 1091, Liu Zhi, the leader of the Shuo party, was promoted to the right prime minister. In the same year, he was dismissed because of the attack on Cai Que and Zhang Dun, the reformers.
During the eight years of Empress Dowager Gao's visit, the old party not only controlled the whole court, but also consistently attacked the new party and never relaxed. Liu Zhi and others tried to search for the anecdotes of Zhang Dun and Cai que, and then tried to dig up the anecdotes and slander them. The most typical one is the case of Che Gai Ting poetry. This case is the most extensive and powerful literary prison in the struggle between the clique and the political opponents since the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty. The old party took advantage of the Empress Dowager Gao's dissatisfaction with CAI Que and others to find out the wind and shadow, and carried out the liquidation of the new party. Cai que was demoted from the imperial court, and was demoted to Xinzhou for resettlement because of the Revenge of Wu chuhou. The old party praised Sima Guang, fan Chunren and Han Wei as "three sages", but denounced Cai que, Zhang Dun and Han Zhen as "three traitors". They publicized the pro party lists of Wang Anshi and Cai que as a warning. At the same time, they reprimanded Zhang Dun, Han Zhen, Li Qingchen and Zhang Shangying, who were expelled by Sima Guang in the first year of Yuanyou, and eliminated the new parties in the dynasty, such as Li Dechu, Wu Anshi and Pu zongmeng.
Wang Fuzhi thinks that in Yuanyou period, "if you advance one person, you will say that Xifeng has retreated; if you retreat one person, you will say that Xifeng has advanced; if you practice one method, you will say that Xifeng has reformed; if you reform one method, you will say that Xifeng has prospered." Zhu Xi ridicules the idea of drawing a line with Xifeng as "saying truth behind closed doors", thus "correcting the loss of Xifeng's reform without knowing the cause.".
Yuanyouhua was not a political reform, and the old party had no positive achievements in economic policy. It was just an emotional liquidation movement. If we say that the Xifeng reform was still aimed at solving the national and social problems, but Yuanyou's reform made these national and social problems more serious.
The emperor and empress have accumulated resentment
Zhao Xu was very fond of reading when he was young, and he had a wide range of interests, especially in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, he is good at calligraphy. Tao Zongyi of Yuan Dynasty called him "good at calligraphy" in his book history. When empress dowager Gao was in power, military affairs were handled by her and several ministers. Young Zhao Xu had little say in the government. Ministers also thought that Zhao Xu was young and everything depended on empress dowager Gao. In the court hall, Zhao Xu's throne is opposite to that of Empress Dowager Gao. Ministers always play to empress dowager Gao. They turn their backs to Zhao Xu and do not turn to report to him. As a result, when talking about the curtain, Zhao Xu said that he could only look at the buttocks and back of the officials in the court.
When Zhao Xu was seventeen, Empress Dowager Gao was supposed to return to politics, but she still actively listened to politics. At this time, the ministers still had to play the Empress Dowager in advance, and they would listen to the Empress Dowager's words if they had a proclamation, and they would not persuade the Empress Dowager to withdraw the curtain. The attitude of Empress Dowager Gao and his ministers angered Zhao Xu and made him resentful, which was one of the reasons why he denounced Yuanyou. Although empress dowager Gao and his ministers did not consider Zhao Xu's feelings when they hung the curtain, they did not relax their education to Zhao Xu. Empress Dowager Gao served as a reading assistant for Lu Gong, fan Chunren, Su Shi and fan Zuyu, and wanted to educate Zhao Xu to become an emperor who strictly abided by the laws of his ancestors and knew the classics.
In December of the fourth year of Yuanyou's reign (1089), people reported that they were looking for nursing mothers in the palace. Fan Zuyu wrote a letter to empress dowager Gao criticizing this matter, and his words were fierce. Empress Dowager Gao explained to the outside world that several little princesses left by Shenzong were young and needed to be taken care of by their nursing mother, but in private, she called Zhao Xu's maids to be interrogated. Although the purpose of Empress Dowager Gao's practice is to take care of and protect Zhao Xu, it makes Zhao Xu feel suffocated and enhances his rebellious psychology.
What makes Zhao Xu more difficult to accept is that empress dowager Gao is too strict with her mother Zhu. Zhu was born in a humble family. He suffered a lot when he was young. After entering the palace, he became a maid of Shenzong, and later gave birth to Zhao Xu, king of CAI, Zhao Yu and Xu
Chinese PinYin : Zhao Xu
Zhao Xu
