Tiemuzhen

Tie Muzhen

Tie Muzhen

(August 25, 1162-1227), honorary title“

Genghis Khan

”Genghis Khan, a Mongolian Qiyan tribe, was born in the upper reaches of the Gunan River in Mobei (now Kent province of Mongolia). Khan of great Mongolia (1206-1227, August 25) was an outstanding strategist and statesman in the history of the world.

In his early years, Tiemuzhen lost his father and went to Tuoli, the leader of the Kelei tribe. He accumulated strength and was elected as the Khan of the Qiyan tribe of Mongolia in 1189. After a series of wars, he unified all the tribes of Mongolia. In 1206, the great Mongolia was established at the source of the Gunan river. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the system of one thousand households was implemented, the guard army was established, and the "Dazhasa" was promulgated. Many foreign wars were launched to conquer the region from the Jin Dynasty and Xixia in East Asia to the Black Sea coast in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. In 1227, Tiemuzhen fell ill on the way to Xingbing and exterminating Xia. He died on the eve of Xixia's surrender at the age of 66. On his deathbed, he made the strategy of "uniting the Song Dynasty to exterminate the Jin Dynasty" and was buried in secret after his death. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the posthumous title of Lei was

Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Emperor

, temple name

Taizu

.

Tiemuzhen is a controversial figure. Scholars from different countries have different research and Discussion on him from different angles. His war of unification played an important role in the formation of Mongolian national community.

(source: Portrait of tie Muzhen painted by Yuan Dynasty, collected by Taipei Palace Museum)

Life of the characters

Childhood experience

Tiemuzhen, born in the 32nd year of Shaoxing in Song Dynasty (1162, the 2nd year of jindading). His father was also Sugai, the leader of Mongolian Qiyan tribe; his mother, he Erlun, was born in Hongjila tribe and married to Mier Qiren, also Ke cheledu, but he was robbed by Sugai as his wife in the autumn of the 31st year of Shaoxing (the first year of Jin Dading, 1161) according to the tradition of "robbing relatives" at that time. When Tiemuzhen was born, it was time to capture Tiemuzhen Wuge, the leader of Tatar department. In order to celebrate the victory, he named his eldest son Tiemuzhen.

When Tiemuzhen was nine years old, his father was poisoned by zhalinbu, Tiemuzhen's son. After that, the power of Qiyan declined, and Tiemu Zhenmu and his brother were in trouble. Talihutai of taichiwu took the opportunity to attack and capture Tiemuzhen. Later, due to the help of a family member of taichiwu, Tiemuzhen got out of the net.

Unification of ministries

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< sub > Genghis Khan's war to unify Mongolia

After Tiemuzhen fled, he knew that to resist the oppression of taichiwu, he had to seek the protection of more powerful forces, so he took refuge in yasukei's "anda" (meaning Qijiao, righteous brother) and the leader of the Kremlin, Tuoli (later Wang Han), who respected him as his father and showed his subordination. From then on, he began to gather strength and collect the old members.

Later, Tiemuzhen's enemy, tuoheituoa of Mier Qiti, attacked and robbed his wife, bottie, and his family. Tiemuzhen asked Wang Han and zhamuhe, a nobleman of zadalan tribe of Mongolia, to help him. They fought against the mierji people and won a great victory. They not only took home the people, but also plundered a large number of property and slaves. The war took place between 1180 and 1184.

Because of the victory of the war, Tiemuzhen's strength gradually grew, so he left zamuhe and moved to sangguer River (southeast of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) in the upper reaches of the krulun River to build an independent camp. The original subordinates and some niruwen Mongolian tribes came and went back one after another; all the Qiyan nobles also came close to Tiemuzhen and formed a Qiyan aristocratic alliance again. In the 16th year of song Chunxi (the 29th year of Jin Dading, 1189), they jointly elected Tiemuzhen as the leader (according to the source of Mongolia).

After Tiemuzhen was elected as Khan, he immediately established his own security organization, and appointed his trusted follower "naker" (which means the slave of the door) borshu, his younger brother Zhuo Chihe Saer, and his younger brother beligutai as the chief. They set up ten kinds of positions, including those with bows and arrows, those with knives, those with horses, those with meals, those with shepherds, those with horses, and those with vehicles to guard the palace tent Nachor served as a member of his own elite team.

At that time, among all the Mongolian tribes, the nobles of the taichiwu tribe "had a wide range of people, and their name was the strongest". Naturally, they could not tolerate the revival of the ChiYan tribe. In the first year of song Shaoxi (the first year of Jin Mingchang, 1190), zamuhe and taichiwubu sent 30000 troops to attack Tiemuzhen, and Tiemuzhen formed a thirteen wing army to resist. The two armies fought in the field of dalanbaljus near sangguer river. Tiemuzhen was unable to resist the enemy and led his troops to retreat into a narrow area of the ornian River (see the battle of the thirteen wings).

Although the taichiwu tribe won, there was no internal discipline. The Yans fought for power and were cruel to the tribe. Tiemuzhen tried his best to win the hearts of the people and treat them well. Therefore, zhaolie, Wulu, mangwu and other niruwen Mongolian tribes left taichiwu and attached themselves to Tiemuzhen.

In the second year of the Song Dynasty (the seventh year of jinmingchang, 1196), Tatar tribe rebelled against Jin Dynasty and was defeated by Wan Yanxiang, Prime Minister of Jin Dynasty, and fled to the wulizha river. When Tiemuzhen heard this, he immediately reported to tuolihan, so Tuoli led the Kelei army. In the name of "revenge for his father and ancestors", Tiemuzhen recruited the Mongolian army prime minister, went to the wulizha River, broke down the tatarburg village, and obtained his leader, "captured his horses and chariots as much as possible" (see the battle of the wulizha River). Wan Yanxiang was awarded the title of King Tuoli for his contribution to the rebellion. Since then, Tuoli has been called King Khan, while tie Muzhen has been awarded the title of "ja'ut-quri" (commander of Zhuli). The battle of ulizha and the award of Jin Dynasty greatly improved Tiemuzhen's prestige and power. From then on, he was able to use the status of tribal officer appointed by the Jin Dynasty to govern the tribes and command the nobles. Statue of Genghis Khan

After returning to the army, Tiemuzhen violated the oath of alliance, refused to send troops to avenge his father and ancestors, and also took the opportunity to attack his old camp and other reasons to destroy minister Qiyan's aristocratic Lord Qibu and capture his people (see the battle between Tiemuzhen and Lord Qibu), thus eliminating the most qualified power in the alliance to fight with him.

In the sixth year of the Song Dynasty (the fifth year of Jin Cheng'an, 1200), Tiemuzhen and Wang Han attacked the taichiwu tribe, won the battle in Hebei Province and killed Taer Hutai. Then he followed Wang Han to the Hulunbeier grassland to attack the hutaking, sanjiwu, duoerbian, Tatar and Hongjila tribes, and plundered their people and livestock.

Fearing the rise of Tiemuzhen, the nobles of all the tribes of the grassland recommended Zamu as "gu'erhan" (the sweat of the masses) and swore to be the enemy of Tiemuzhen. In the first year of Jiatai of Song Dynasty (1202, the first year of jintaihe), zamuhe gathered the remains of Taichi Wu family and their divisions to form twelve allied forces to attack Tiemuzhen. Tiemuzhen and Wang Han fought against the enemy and broke the alliance of zamuhe in the land of tinihuluhan, a tributary of haici'er River (Hailar River). Zamuhe surrendered to Wang Han (see the battle of kuoitian). In the autumn of the same year, Tiemuzhen attacked the Tatar tribe and sent troops to destroy the Tatar tribe in dalanyemuerges (in present-day Beier Hunan). He and Wang Han defeated the attack of Naiman buyuluhan. Before attacking Tatar, Tiemuzhen issued two decrees: one was that he was not allowed to be greedy when he was defeated, and he shared the wealth equally after the decision; the other was that during the battle, the soldiers and horses retreated to the original formation to return to fight hard (to prevent the invasion of the army's feet), and the violators were killed. This is the first legislation made by Tiemuzhen after he became the leader of the alliance. Its significance is to improve the Khan power and restrict the aristocracy. After that, the ChiYan nobles who didn't obey the orders were punished by him.

Tiemuzhen pursues taichiwu department, and is shot in the neck by taichiwu department in the command battle, and his life is in danger. The next morning, the taichiwu tribe surrendered to Tiemuzhen. The collapse of the taichiwu tribe eradicated the huge obstacle for Tiemuzhen to unify the Mongolian tribes, and its ministries such as the archer zhebe and naya'a also became Tiemuzhen's right-hand assistants to conquer the world.

In the autumn of the same year, Tiemuzhen recovered his strength, raided Wang Hanzhang, and conquered Krebs the next year (1203). Wang Han fled to Naiman tribe and was killed as a spy by Bian Jiang at the border of Naiman. His son sang Kun died in a foreign land.

For a long time, he cleverly followed the powerful forces of the tribes in the east to eliminate the enemy forces in the East. The growing power of Tiemuzhen made Wang Han and his son yilahexinkun suspicious. The Mongolian nobles such as zhamuhe and Yintan also urged Wang Han to get rid of him. In the spring of the fourth year of song Jiatai (the fourth year of jintaihe, 1203), Wang Han and his son planned to make a false marriage agreement, invited tie Muzhen to drink "buhun Chaer" (wedding banquet), and took the opportunity to murder. Tie Muzhen got a tip off and hurriedly prepared for the war. Wang hanmou vented and sent troops to attack. The two sides fought in helanzhen Shatuo (today's northern border of Wuzhumuqin banner in Inner Mongolia). Tiemuzhen was defeated by few soldiers, and his troops were scattered (see the battle of helanzhen Shatuo). He retreated to mount jiantegai beside the halaha River to rectify the crusade. He got only 4600 horsemen, and then moved to the banjuni River to rest. At that time, Tiemuzhen was in a very difficult situation. He shot wild horses for food and drank muddy water. So he "raised his hand to heaven" and swore with his followers: "let me conquer the great cause and share the joys and sorrows with all people. This is like a river. " "Drinking with Banzhu River" has become a story of Tiemuzhen's hard work, which goes down in history.

After Wang Han won, he became more proud and despised the enemy. When Tiemuzhen recovered, he found out that Wang Han was having a feast in Yundu mountain (now the upper reaches of the krulun River). He was unprepared, so he led the army to attack him and besieged him

Chinese PinYin : Tie Mu Zhen