Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty

Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan (September 23, 1215 - February 18, 1294), the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, is a Mongolian statesman and militarist. The fourth son of Tuolei in the state of prison, menggedi, Emperor Xianzong of Yuan Dynasty. The fifth Khan of great Mongolia was also the founding emperor of Yuan Dynasty. Mongolian honorary name "Xue Chan Khan".

In 1251, mengge was appointed as Kublai Khan, the prime minister, and served as a military and national affairs officer in the south of Mohan. He was stationed in the land of Zha hudu. He successively served as a Confucianist of the Han nationality to straighten out the official administration of Xingzhou, set up a department of economics and strategy in Bianliang, straighten out the military and political affairs of Henan (now Luoyang), and garrison Tang and Deng, which achieved positive results. In 1253, it was granted land by Jingzhao (now Xi'an, Shaanxi). In the same year, Kublai Khan was ordered to join general Wu Liang in an expedition to Yunnan to destroy Dali. In 1258, mengge launched an army to attack the Southern Song Dynasty and ordered Kublai to represent the general East Road army. In September 1259, Mengo died in Hezhou front. In March 1260, Kublai Khan was promoted by some kings, that is, Khan was located in Kaiping and established the central unification of Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan, relying on the rich human and material resources of Han, sent troops to defeat alibugo.

In 1271 (the eighth year of Zhiyuan), the name of Jianguo was Dayuan, and Dadu was chosen as the capital. In 1274 (the 11th year of the Yuan Dynasty), he ordered Boyan to attack the Song Dynasty. In 1279 (the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty), the remaining forces of the Southern Song Dynasty who were in exile in Yashan were finally eliminated, and the great unification of the whole country was completed.

After the unification of the whole country, Kublai Khan used ahema, a Muslim, to be good at government. In 1282 (the 19th year of Zhiyuan), the assassination of ahema by Wang Zhu and monk Gao took place in Dadu. Since then, Kublai Khan has been appointed to Lu Shirong and sang Ge to manage finance, both of which ended in failure. During the same period, Kublai Khan successively sent troops to Japan, Annan, Zhancheng, Myanmar and Java, all of which were defeated. However, it played a positive role in fighting against the invasion of the northwest kings such as Haidu and DUWA and in serving the rebellion of the Northeast kings Naiyan.

In 1294 (the 31st year of Zhiyuan Dynasty), Kublai died of illness and became the ancestral temple.

Overview picture: the painting of Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, is painted on the silk manuscript collected in the Palace Museum of Taipei

Life of the characters

Hidden years

Born on August 28, the 10th year of emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty (September 23, 1215), Kublai is the fourth son of Tuolei, the grandson of Tiemuzhen, and his mother is zuoluheteni.

In the spring of 1224, Genghis Khan withdrew from the western regions and arrived at the aramakweh (now on the banks of the erjis River). Kublai Khan and his younger brother xuliewu came to meet him. Kublai Khan shot and killed a rabbit.

When he grew up, Kublai Khan was considered wise and wise. He served his mother and was famous for his filial piety. When Kublai Khan was still in his residence, he had already met the literati in the Central Plains and was familiar with the situation of the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains. In his palace, a large number of Han intellectuals gathered to become Kublai Khan's aides.

As early as the wokuotai Khan period, the Han intellectuals Dou Mo and Yao Shu, who had taken refuge in the Mongolian aristocracy, were successively recruited by Kublai Khan. Dou Mo explained to Kublai Khan the three cardinal guides and five constant principles and the theory of sincerity; Yao Shu explained to Kublai Khan the Confucian way of governing the country and pacifying the world. Zi Cong, a monk whom Kublai Khan met in Helin (later named Liu Bingzhong), was a man who read everything and talked about everything in the world. Because of his erudition and ability, he was good at giving advice, so he was deeply valued by Kublai Khan. In the 10th year of Chunyou (1250) of the Southern Song Dynasty, he gave Kublai more than ten thousand words and strategies, and put forward that the way to deal with chaos depended on the heaven and the people, so as to win the world immediately, but not immediately. He advocated reforming the maladministration at that time, reducing taxes and duties, persuading agriculture and mulberry, and promoting schools.

In the second year of Chunyou (1242) of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Bi, a Huairen native of Xijing, was also called to Kublai Khan. Zhao Bi studied Mongolian and translated and taught Da Xue Yan Yi for Kublai. In 1244, Zhao Bi introduced Wang e, the number one scholar of Jin Dynasty, to Kublai Khan's palace to teach him filial piety, Shangshu, Yijing and the politics and history of Confucianism. In 1247, Zhang Wenlian was recommended by Zi Cong to Kublai Khan's palace and was appointed as the Secretary of Kublai Khan's palace. In the same year, when Shi Tianze's aide Zhang Dehui was summoned by Kublai Khan, he recommended more than 20 people, including Yuan Haowen.

General manager Monan

On July 1, the first year of Mongolian Xianzong (the 11th year of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1251), Kublai's elder brother mengge ascended the throne and became the emperor of Mongolia, that is, the Great Khan of the Mongolian Empire. He was the emperor of Yuan Xianzong. Because Kublai was "the longest and most virtuous" among mengge's mother and brother, mengge appointed Kublai to be in charge of the affairs of Monan Han soon after he ascended the throne. During this period, Kublai Khan appointed a large number of Han staff and Confucian scholars, such as Liu Bingzhong, Xu Heng, Yao Shu, Hao Jing, Zhang Wenqian, Dou Mo, Zhao Bi and so on, and put forward the idea of "practicing the Han law". Yuan Haowen and Zhang Dehui also asked Kublai Khan to accept the title of "great master of Confucianism", which Kublai Khan was pleased with. Kublai Khan revered Confucianism, and said, "the sage is virtuous and magnanimous, he is good at Confucianism, he likes clothes, and he worships courtesy."

In the second year of Mongolian Xianzong (the 12th and 1252 years of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty), the song army attacked the border areas of Henan Province. Kublai asked mengge to set up an economic and strategic department in Henan, and mengge appointed Shi Tianze, Yang Weizhong and Zhao Bi as economic and strategic envoys. In June, Kublai Khan went to the grassland to meet mengge and was ordered to lead the army to Yunnan.

In the third year of Mongolian Xianzong (the first year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1253), mengge rewarded the kings, and Kublai Khan obtained Jingzhao fiefdom. Kublai established the Xuanfu division of Jingzhao. Kublai Khan led the army to spend the summer in Liupan Mountain. In autumn, the army entered the Tibetan area through Lintao and arrived at tela (now Songpan, Sichuan). In August, Kublai Khan led his troops from Shaanxi to attack Dali, which is now located in Yunnan and other places; on January 2, the fourth year of Mongolian Xianzong (the second year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty, the third year of Tianding in Dali, 1254), Kublai Khan conquered Dali City, King Duan Xingzhi surrendered, and Kublai Khan destroyed Dali. Yunnan was incorporated into the territory of Mongolia.

In the sixth year of the Mongolian emperor Xianzong (the fourth year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1256), Kublai Khan was granted the land of Mengzhou (located in Jiaozuo, Henan Province). In the summer of the same year, mengge officially announced the order to attack the Southern Song Dynasty on the ground that the Southern Song Dynasty detained the Mongolian envoys. The development of Kublai Khan's power aroused mengge's suspicion.

In the seventh year of Mongolian Xianzong (the fifth year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1257), mengge ordered alandaer and others to set up a goukao Bureau in Guanzhong to check Jingzhao and Henan's wealth and Fu. From the officials of Henan Economic and strategic department and Jingzhao Xuanfu department, alandar and others weaved more than 100 counts of crimes, aiming to eliminate the officials Kublai Khan trusted and weaken his power. In December, I went to see Montgomery in person. Seeing Kublai Khan coming to Korea, mengge wept and asked him not to make any more confession.

In the seventh lunar month of the eighth year of Mongolian Xianzong (the sixth year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1258), mengge led a large army to invade northern Sichuan, conquering most areas of northern Sichuan. On November 29, according to mengge's will, Kublai Khan held a flag worship ceremony in the northeast of Kaiping and formally sent troops to attack the Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the ninth year of Mongolian Xianzong (the first year of Kaiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1259), mengge Khan's offensive under Hezhou City was blocked. On August 2, Kublai Khan led his troops to Runan, Henan Province, and continued to march toward the Southern Song Dynasty. He also ordered Yang Weizhong and Hao Jingxuan to pacify Jiang Huai. On September 3, the ninth year of Mongolian Xianzong (the first year of Kaiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1259), Kublai Khan led the Middle Route Army to cross the Huaihe River and invade the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty, then all the way south, opened up a new battlefield in Hubei and attacked Ezhou in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

Ascend to the throne

On August 11, the ninth year of Mongolian Xianzong (the first year of Kaiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1259), mengge died in diaoyushan, Hezhou, Sichuan. On September 19, an emissary sent by Kublai Khan's brother mogo in Sichuan announced the news to Kublai Khan and asked him to return to the north and inherit the throne. Kublai Khan thought that "when I am ordered to come to the south, how can I return my contribution without success?" Later, CHABI, Kublai's wife, sent messengers to inform him that he and Lin Zhongchen planned to establish Ali Buge, Kublai's younger brother. Moreover, Ali Buge had sent alandar to deploy troops near Kaiping, and tuolichi had enlisted militia near Yanjing. Messengers urged Kublai to return to the north as soon as possible. On November 17, Hao Jing, a Confucian minister, put forward the reason why he had to withdraw his troops immediately, which strengthened Kublai Khan's determination to return to the north. Kublai Khan claimed to attack Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Liuda general continued to besiege Ezhou, increasing the military pressure on the Southern Song Dynasty. Jia Sidao, Prime Minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, sent envoys to make an agreement to cede the land of the Southern Song Dynasty and send Sui coins. Kublai Khan withdrew his troops and returned to the north on that day.

On January 4, the first year of Zhongtong (the first year of JINGDING in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1260), Kublai Khan led his army to Yanjing and disbanded the militia recruited by tuolichi, "the people are very happy.". Kublai Khan led his troops to stay in the suburbs of Yanjing and spent the whole winter. He actively contacted with the kings and prepared to hold the kulitai assembly in the spring of the first year of Zhongtong (the first year of JINGDING in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1260) and hold the grand ceremony of ascending the throne.

On May 5, the first year of Zhongtong (the first year of JINGDING in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1260), Kublai Khan ascended the throne and became the emperor of the great Mongolia, that is, the Great Khan of the Mongolian Empire. Kublai Khan issued the imperial edict "emperor ascends the throne", in which he called himself "Zhen" and called his brother mengge of Yuan Xianzong "the former Emperor". On June 29, Kublai Khan issued the "Zhongtong Jianyuan edict", officially establishing the year code "Zhongtong".

In May of the fourth year of Zhongtong (the fourth year of JINGDING in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1263), Kublai was promoted to Kaiping as the capital of Shangdu, as a Nabo resident in Xia Dynasty.

In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1264), the capital of Yanzhong was renamed as the capital of Yanjing. On September 7, Kublai Khan issued the "Zhiyuan Gaiyuan edict", which took the meaning of "Zhiya Kunyuan" in the book of changes and changed "the fifth year of Zhongtong" to "the first year of Zhiyuan".

In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (the seventh year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty)

Chinese PinYin : Yuan Shi Zu