Xu Shichang

Xu Shichang

Xu Shichang (1855-june 6, 1939), whose name is bu Wu, was named Ju Ren. He was also named Zhuzhai, Donghai and taozhai. Later, he was named Shuizhu villager, Shimen Shanren and Donghai Jushi. Zhili (now Hebei) was born in Tianjin. His great grandfather and grandfather lived as an official in Henan Province. He was born in the residence of caoying street, the Fucheng of Weihui prefecture (now Weihui City), Henan Province.

In his early years, Xu Shichang was elected as a member of the Central Committee and later as a Jinshi. Since Yuan Shikai's training in the small station, he has been Yuan Shikai's counselor and ally, and has been in the same way with each other; in 1905, he served as military minister. Xu Shichang was highly valued by Yuan Shikai and kept away from him in silence when he became emperor. In March 1916, Yuan Shikai was forced to abolish the monarchy and appointed him Secretary of state. In October 1918, Xu Shichang was elected president of the Republic of China. He ordered a truce against the South and held a peace conference the following year. In June 1922, Tongdian resigned and retired to Tianjin concession to amuse himself with painting and calligraphy. Xu Shichang has a profound knowledge of Chinese culture. He not only wrote books, but also studied calligraphy. The nine characters on Yuan Lin's tombstone in Anyang, "the tomb of great president Yuan Gong Shikai", are written by Xu Shichang. Works in landscape pine and bamboo, such as "Shimen mountain temporary picture post" and so on. More than 30 kinds of books have been compiled and engraved in his life, such as the case of Confucianism in Qing Dynasty, the collection of returning farmland to Tang Dynasty, the collection of Shuizhu village people, etc. He was later called "President of culture".

On June 6, 1939, Xu Shichang died of illness at the age of 85. He was first buried in the former British cemetery in Taoyuan Village, Tianjin, and later buried with his wife at the foot of Sumen mountain, Baiquan Town, Huixian City, Henan Province.

Life of the characters

Early years

Xu Shichang was born in the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855) in Weihui, Henan Province. His ancestral home is Yinxian, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. According to the archives of Tianjin library, his native place is Yinxian, Zhejiang Province. His ancestors moved north to Yanjing in the Ming Dynasty. When the Qing army entered the pass, they fled south to Tianjin and settled in Tianjin. They were the Xu family of shouqitang in Tianjin. Great grandfather and grandfather were officials in Henan Province, so they were born in caoying street in Zhiji county (now Weihui City), Weihui Prefecture, Henan Province. In the future, Xu Shichang is well-developed. When he meets people from the above three places, he is known as a fellow townsman. It can be seen that Xu Shichang is good at building relationships and making friends.

Xu Shichang lost his father when he was young, and his mother's education was very strict. Although the family is poor, pawn to teach children, and from the supervisor class, and emphasis on moral education. Xu Shichang recalled that when he was a child, if he had three portions of food, he would think of two, and his mother scolded him severely: "today is like this, how should I grow up?" His mother would rather throw away the food than let Xu Shichang eat it. Xu Shichang grew up a little bit. Every time he made a friend, his mother would investigate the character of that person. If he was really a talented person, she would treat him with delicious food; otherwise, she would immediately reprimand him and order him not to communicate with him. At that time, when people saw that their mother and son were very poor, they advised them to rely on the county magistrate's relatives. Xu's mother said, "I trust Yu Yin, but I don't know how hard it is. I don't have the heart to be vigorous again.". The clansman sighed: "if you work hard to manage your family and teach your children, you will be successful in the future, and you will be a meritorious official in my family."

In 1871, when Xu Shichang was 16 years old, he began to teach and teach himself to earn money; when he was 17 years old, he was good at writing small regular script and served as a county government copywriter with his grandfather; when he was 18, he was a prefect who wrote letters and accountants and made friends by writing; when he was 24, he was a prefect of zhunning County who managed documents and met with difficulties

high Qing official

Xu and yuan fell in love at first sight. When Yuan Shikai saw Xu Shichang's green clothes and shoes, he was in high spirits though he didn't have a trim edge. During his conversation, he showed his ambition and wealth, and praised: "chrysanthemum people, really wonderful talent!" At that time, the brothers Xu Shichang and Xu Shiguang had no money to go to Tianfu for the local examination. Yuan Shikai gave 100 liang of silver as Sichuan capital, which made Xu's Kunzhong's trip complete and won the imperial examination at the same time.

Hanlin

In the 12th year of Guangxu (1886), Jinshi was first given the title of Imperial Academy scholar, and in the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), he was given the title of editor. Zhang Zhidong (Minister of military aircraft, Bachelor of Dongge University) and Li Hongzao (Bachelor of Hanlin Academy) are their teachers. Edited as a seven grade official, his salary was very small, and his life was miserable. People advised him to release Zhizhou and Zhixian, but did not follow. Because Beijing officials have the advantage of being close to the upper class.

However, Xu Shichang had lived in the Imperial Academy for nine years, and he had never done anything beneficial, such as a bad study or an official examination. However, he was not eager for quick success and instant benefits. Instead, he actively made friends, dredged up the upper and lower levels, studied hard, cared about current affairs, and prepared for the opportunity in all aspects. The Imperial Academy was the highest institution set up for the top of the imperial examination in the feudal society of China. However, Xu Shichang did not favor Li Hongzao, a Bachelor of Arts. Li Hongzao thought that Xu Shichang was "false correction", so he could not be favored and could not be developed. However, Xu Shichang introduced Yuan Shikai to Li Hongzao. Through Li Hongzao, Yuan Shikai was appreciated by Li Hongzhang and recommended him to the imperial court to supervise and train the new army, which became the starting point of Yuan Shikai's development and the turning point of Xu Shichang's official career towards development.

Xu Shichang had been "on the bench for ten years" in the Imperial Academy. In the tenth year, he finally had a turn for the better. In 1897, Yuan Shikai invited Xu Hanlin to take charge of the general office of the military affairs department of the new army inspection staff (equivalent to the Secretary General and chief of staff), and Xu Shichang took office happily. Although the establishment, original position and rank were retained, they were always higher than lower. However, Xu Shichang resolutely left the Hanlin academy and went all out to take charge of the whole army's copywriting and take part in the confidentiality. He acted for Yuan Shikai when he was away. Since then, he has become a powerful think tank of Yuan Shikai.

Assistant yuan Mu

Soon after Xu Shichang took office, Yuan Shikai was denounced for embezzling his annual salary and killing innocent people. Rong Lu, Minister of military aircraft, and Chen kuilong were responsible for the investigation. Xu Shichang and Chen kuilong were on the same list of Jinshi, and they had a very close personal relationship. So they asked Yuan Shikai for help. Yuan Shikai was able to escape the disaster and make a great disaster disappear. Yuan Shikai was very grateful to Xu Shichang. Although Xu Shichang had only worked in the small station for more than two years, he was highly trusted and respected by Yuan Shikai and was called brother by his obedience. Secondly, he came from the Imperial Academy and was respected by the generals. Thirdly, he worked hard and taught himself military and English. He compiled 13 volumes of "a brief record of new army soldiers" and "a detailed description of the operation methods" to coordinate the whole military training His outstanding achievements in training and education and high reputation established him second only to Yuan Shikai in the Beiyang army, and also achieved his long cherished ambition of "cultivating martial arts with literature and advancing with military achievements". Military training in small stations is a milestone in the modernization of the Chinese army, and both Yuan Shikai and Xu Shichang have contributed a lot. Xu Shichang first put forward a relatively complete modern military theory and formulated the military system, code, military rules, regulations and strategic and tactical principles of the integration of China and the West. Later, Wang Shizhen, Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang, the "three heroes of Beiyang", were all outstanding men who grew up from the new army of Xiaozhan.

Like Yuan Shikai, Xu Shichang had both political ambition and patriotic enthusiasm. When Xu Shichang was defeated in the Sino Japanese war in 1894, he and dozens of colleagues jointly impeached Li Hongzhang. During the reform movement of 1898, both Xu Shichang and Yuan Shikai participated in the reform movement. But at the critical moment, when the old and new forces clashed and the reformers pinned all their hopes on Yuan Shikai, who was in charge of the military power, Yuan Shikai listened to the words of "military adviser" Xu Shichang: "although the emperor was the leader of the country, his power was weak; later (the Empress Dowager) the two dynasties held the chief power, and the officials of the imperial court were Jiang Shuai, who were all his confidants. The number of success or failure can be predicted. Instead of helping the emperor and causing disaster, it's better to attach yourself to the empress and gain fame. " Yuan Shikai thought it was, so he told Ronglu. In the choice of righteousness and benefit, Xu Shichang and Yuan Shikai realistically chose to pursue advantages and avoid disadvantages. Both of them were dyed red with the blood of the Six Gentlemen in 1898, and they were deeply favored by the later party. To be sure, even if Xu supported the new party at that time, he was beating the stone with the egg. "Better be a broken jade than a broken one." how many people in history? However, Yuan Shikai's evil lies in his insidious behavior, which is sinister and despicable. At that time, there was a folk saying that Yuan Shikai said: Six Gentlemen, head send, Yuan Xiangcheng, dingzihong, traitor party, invited Qigong, Kang and Liang. In his dream, he did not know that he was a hero. Yuan Shikai can not escape his responsibility, and Xu Shichang, a high-ranking official behind the scenes, is also to blame.

Qing government's reuse

In the 26th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1900), the Allied forces of the eight countries invaded Beijing. Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu went to Xishou, accompanied by Xu Shichang. Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai also recommended Xu Shichang to Zhang Jiaozhang, so Xu Shichang had to be reused. In the following three years, he successively involved in the government affairs, finance, military affairs and academic affairs of the Qing Dynasty. In 1904, Xu Shichang was appointed as the Minister of the imperial examination for the last time in Chinese history. He also realized Xu Shichang's dream of being an examinee since his ten years in the Imperial Academy.

In 1905, Xu Shichang was appointed to the military aircraft department. At the end of the same year, he was appointed Minister of military aircraft and acting Minister of the Ministry of war. This year, Xu Shichang was just fifty years old. Xu Shichang won this honor, but he has not stopped the pace of promotion. At the age of 51, the imperial court appointed Xu Shichang as the imperial envoy minister. The governor of the three eastern provinces also took charge of the affairs of the generals of the three eastern provinces. He was a first-class official. He was led by Xu and ranked ahead of Yuan Shikai, the governor of Zhili. According to the investigation, it took Lin Zexu, Zeng Guofan and Yuan Shikai 20, 21 and 21 years respectively from becoming officials to becoming governor in the late Qing Dynasty. Although Xu Shichang was also 21 years old, they were not as powerful as the three above.

In the same year, both Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong lost their positions as governors and ministers with real power, and entered Beijing to serve as military aircraft ministers. With the death of Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Xi, Yuan Shikai's position was even more precarious. Because Emperor Guangxu hated yuan's betrayal, Puyi ascended the throne at the age of three, and his father zaifeng became regent, so he wanted to avenge his brother Guangxu and get rid of yuan,

Chinese PinYin : Xu Shi Chang