Duke Huan of Qi

Duke Huan of Qi

Duke Huan of Qi? (643 BC), surnamed Jiang, surnamed Lu, named Xiaobai. Jiang is the 16th monarch of Qi (685-643 BC), the head of the five tyrants in the spring and Autumn period. He is the 12th grandson of Lu Shang, the Duke of Jiang Taigong, and the third son of the Duke of Qi. His mother is Wei Ji.

In his early years, he fled to the state of Ju under the protection of Bao Shuya. After Qi Xianggong and Gongsun Xiaoxue died one after another, they came back to China to seize the throne. During his term of office, he made great efforts to govern the country, took Guan Zhong as the prime minister, carried out reform, and implemented the system of unifying the military and the government, the army and the people, which promoted the gradual prosperity of Qi. Under the banner of "respecting the king and fighting against the foreigners", Jiuhe princes pacified the civil strife of the Song Dynasty, attacked Shanrong in the north, attacked Chu in the south, destroyed Tan, Sui, Zhang and other small countries, and became the first Central Plains overlord. He was rewarded by the emperor of Zhou and was fatuous in his later years. After Guan Zhong died, he appointed Yi Ya, Li Diao, Kai Fang, Chang Zhiwu and others. He died in 643 BC.

Life of the characters

Thrilling accession to the throne

During the reign of Qi Xianggong, the state of Qi was in political chaos. Guan Zhong and Zhao Hu fled to the state of Lu, while Bao Shuya fled to the state of Ju. In the 12th year of Xianggong (686 BC), Gongsun killed qixianggong and became king. The next year, the Yonglin people killed ignorance and discussed the re establishment of monarchy. Gao and Guo secretly informed Xiaobai to return to China in advance. When Lu heard that he sent troops to send Xiaobai's brother and son back to China, he sent Guan Zhong to block the road from Ju to Qi. Guan Zhong shot Xiaobai's hook with an arrow. Xiaobai pretends to fall to the ground and die. Guan Zhong sends people back to Lu to report the victory. The state of Lu then slowly sent his son to return home, and it was six days before he arrived at the state of Qi. At this time, Xiaobai had already rushed back to the state of Qi, and Gao made him king, Duke Huan.

Guan Zhong's reform

Duke Huan of Qi was shot with a hook and pretended to be dead to confuse Guan Zhong. Hiding in a tent car, he rushed back to Qi day and night. With the support of the aristocratic state of Qi and Gao Liangshi, he became the monarch. After he ascended the throne, he sent troops to attack the state of Lu. In the war of Qianshi (now Huantai County), the army of Lu was defeated. Bao Shuya wrote a letter to Marquis Lu, which said: "childe Jiu is Qi Jun's brother. He can't bear to kill him. Please kill him yourself. Zhao Hu and Guan Zhong, the teachers of gongzijiu, are enemies. Please send them to the state of Lu. If you don't follow your orders, you will send troops to attack the state of Lu. " Lu people were afraid to kill the young master, and Zhao Hu committed suicide. Guan Zhong was imprisoned. When Duke Huan wanted to kill Guan Zhong, Bao Shuya said, "I was lucky to follow you. You are now the king of the country. If you only want to govern the state of Qi, you should have Shu Ya and Gao He. If you want to achieve the world hegemony, then you have to be Guan Zhong. Guan Zhong can be strong in any country he goes to, and he can't be lost. " Duke Huan followed his advice and took Guan Zhong to the state of Qi in the name of killing Qiu xuehen. Duke Huan and Guan Zhong talked about the art of overlord. They were overjoyed. They worshipped him as a doctor and entrusted him with political affairs.

After paying homage to Guan Zhong as prime minister, Duke Huan of Qi made concerted efforts to rectify the internal government, carried out routine reforms, and respected the king and foreign countries. During this period, Duke Huan of Qi employed a group of outstanding talents who had their own strong points and devoted themselves to their duties. Among them, the most representative is "huanguan WuJie". In the fourteenth year of Duke Huan (672 BC), Duke Chen Li's son Wan (Tian WAN) fled to the state of Qi. Duke Huan wanted to appoint him as Qing, but he didn't accept it. Duke Huan appointed him Gongzheng.

Achieve hegemony

When Duke Huan fled, he passed through the state of Tan, but the state of Tan did not treat him well. So Duke Huan sent troops to destroy the state of Tan in the second year of Duke Huan of Qi (684 BC), and the monarch of the state of Tan fled to the state of Ju. In 681 BC, the five monarchs of Qi, song, Chen, CAI and Ying held a "northern apricot alliance" in the state of Qi, aiming to make joint efforts to quell the rebellion of the Song Dynasty for the throne. The state of Qi first recorded that it presided over the world alliance as a vassal, and the prestige of the Duke of Qi began to rise among the vassals. Before the alliance, Duke Huan of Qi invited the king of Sui to join the alliance, but he was refused. After the "northern apricot alliance" ended, Duke Huan of Qi swallowed up Sui state.

In 681 BC, Duke Huan of Qi attacked the state of Lu, which was defeated. Duke Zhuang of Lu asked to cede the city to quell the war. Duke Huan agreed and formed an alliance with Lu in Kedi. At the meeting, Cao Mo, a minister of Duke Zhuang of Lu, pulled out his sword and hijacked Duke Huan of Qi, demanding that the state of Qi return the land of Wenyang on the border of Qi and Lu. Duke Huan of Qi agreed to Cao Mo's request.

Afterwards, Duke Huan of Qi wanted not to return the land and kill Cao mo. Guan Zhong admonished: "if you don't give Wenyang land, it's just a flash.". If you break your promise to the princes, people in the world will not help us! " Finally, Duke Huan of Qi returned the land of Wenyang to the state of Lu. When the princes knew this, they all thought that Duke Huan of Qi had a good reputation, and gradually they all wanted to depend on the state of Qi.

In the sixth year of Duke Huan of Qi (680 BC), the state of song who had participated in the "northern apricot alliance" betrayed the alliance. In the Qihuan convention, Chen and Cai who had participated in the "northern apricot alliance" were invited to join forces to attack the Song Dynasty.

Duke Huan of Qi first sent people to pay homage to the emperor of Zhou with abundant gifts. He said that the state of song did not respect the emperor of Zhou and arbitrarily abolished the monarch. He asked the emperor of Zhou to set up a teacher and ask him to be punished. The emperor of Zhou wanted to use the power of Qi to build up the prestige of the emperor, so he agreed to the request of Duke Huan of Qi, and sent the doctor Shan Bo with some troops to join forces with Qi, Chen and CAI to attack the Song Dynasty.

When the state of song saw that the state of Qi came to attack under the banner of Emperor Zhou, he did not want to bear the charge of resisting the king's master and fighting against the emperor, and asked for obedience to the royal family and reconciliation with the princes. In the second year of Huanzi's reign, the Duke of Qi and the Duke of Qi (Duke of Qi and Duke of Qi) were invited to represent the Three Kingdoms.

In the eighth year of Duke Huan of Qi (678 BC), Qi gathered Lu, song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu, Hua, Teng and other countries to form a alliance in the secluded area. At the meeting, we again promoted Duke Huan of Qi as the leader of the alliance, and recognized Duke Huan of Qi as the overlord.

In the 23rd year of Duke Huan of Qi (663 BC), Shanrong attacked the state of Yan. The state of Yan appealed to the state of Qi for help. Duke Huan of Qi sent troops to attack Shanrong and rescue the state of Yan. He didn't return until Guzhu. Yanzhuanggong then sent Duke Huan of Qi back to China and sent him to the territory of Qi. Duke Huan said, "it's not the son of heaven. Princes can't leave the country. I can't be rude to Yan." So he cut all the places where he went to the state of Yan, and told him to learn how to summon the Duke to govern, just as he did when he was king Cheng and King Kang of Zhou. When the princes heard about it, they all supported the state of Qi.

In the spring of the 27th year of Duke Huan of Qi (659 BC), the kings of Qi, song and Cao led their troops to save Xing. After the Di people retreated, the Three Kingdoms decided to move Xing far away from the di family. Duke Huan of Qi helped Xing move its capital to Yiyi (now southwest of Liaocheng), which is safer than Qi.

In the spring of the second year (658 BC), Duke Huan of Qi helped build a new city in Chuqiu, so that the state could rebuild its capital on the South Bank of the Yellow River.

In the 29th year of Duke Huan of Qi (657 BC), Duke Huan and Cai Ji were playing in the water. Cai Ji swayed the boat. Huan Gong was afraid and stopped Cai Ji. Cai Ji didn't listen and kept shaking. Duke Huan of Qi was furious and sent Cai Ji back. Cai Guo was not happy either, so he married Cai Ji to someone else. Duke Huan then launched a campaign against the state of CAI. Autumn and Chu attacked Zheng State, and Qi Huan convention gathered monarchs of all countries to meet in Yanggu to discuss how to attack Chu and save Zheng State. In the spring of the thirtieth year of Duke Huan of Qi (656 BC), Duke Huan of Qi led the Allied forces of Qi, Lu, song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao to carry out military operations against Cai, the ally of Chu. Then, Duke Huan of Qi led the troops to attack Chu. Through diplomatic negotiations, Chu promised to abide by the duties of the princes and resume paying tribute to the emperor of Zhou. So Duke Huan of Qi and the princes of the small countries made an alliance with the state of Chu in Zhaoling. They made an alliance with each other and withdrew their troops, which was called "the alliance of Zhaoling" in history.

In the 31th year of Duke Huan of Qi (655 BC), the royal family of Zhou Dynasty set up a new crown prince: King Hui of Zhou had already set up Prince Zheng as the crown prince. Because empress Hui liked his younger son, King Hui of Zhou wanted to abolish Zheng's crown prince. After the death of King Hui of Zhou, Qihuan Convention set Lu, song, Wei, Xu, Cao, Chen and other countries to join the alliance in Tao, officially supporting the crown prince Zheng to the throne of Emperor Zhou, which was king Xiang of Zhou.

In the 35th year of Duke Huan of Qi (651 BC), when Duke Huan of Qi and the vassal states met in ancient Kwai Qiu, because Duke Huan of Qi took the lead in supporting his succession to the throne, King Xiang of Zhou sent zaikong to give Duke Huan of Qi meat, tonggongya and the emperor's chariots and horses, which were the highest rewards for the vassal states.

"Mencius · Gaozi Part 2" records the "Five Prohibitions" of Duke Huan's "kuiqu alliance": first, kill unfilial people, don't change the established prince, don't take concubines as wives; second, respect the virtuous people, cultivate talents, and praise those who have moral integrity; third, respect the elderly, love children, and don't forget guests and tourists; fourth, scholars can't be officials and officials Let them do their own things instead of monopolizing them. Fifth, do not deliberately set up dams, do not prevent other people from buying food, and do not seal the country or the city without reporting to the emperor.

”This "Five Prohibitions" is the experience of Duke Huan of Qi. King Zhou Xiang sent his ministers to attend the meeting and gave them heavy gifts, which showed that King Zhou Xiang recognized Duke Huan of Qi as the overlord. At the meeting, Duke Huan of Qi seemed to command the princes on behalf of the emperor of Zhou, marking the peak of Duke Huan of Qi's hegemony.

”Ning Qi is in charge of the food and grass needed by Duke Huan of Qi when he is in power. But when Ning Qi dies, Guan Zhong says that the hegemony of Qi is going to decline. Prince Cheng Fu is in charge of the army of Qi. Prince Cheng Fu can make Qi soldiers brave and good at fighting, but once Prince Cheng Fu dies, Qi's military strength will decline rapidly. Binxu is not in charge of the criminal law of Qi. He can make Duke Huan of Qi stable when he is in power Duke Huan of Qi had no worries, but none of bin Xu died, and the state of Qi was swift and treacherous; Xi Peng was in charge of the state of Qi

Chinese PinYin : Qi Huan Gong