Wu Sangui

Wu Sangui

Wu Sangui

From June 8, 1612 to October 2, 1678, born in Qiantun, Weizhong and Housuo (now Suizhong County, Liaoning Province) in Guangning, Eastern Liaoning Province, with the surname of Changbo and the name of yuesuo, his ancestral home is Gaoyou, nanzhili (now Gaoyou City, Jiangsu Province). Minister of late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, son of Wu Xiang, commander of Jinzhou, nephew of Zu dashou.

He is good at riding and shooting. Emperor Chongzhen ascended the throne and won the military examination. With the help of menyin, he was given the command of the governor. He has made many achievements and moved to Ningyuan to train the regiment chief. In 1644, he returned to the Qing Dynasty, took part in the Shanhaiguan war, defeated Li Zicheng, was granted the title of Pingxi king, and entered the pass with the Qing army. He has made great achievements in pacifying the people and conquering cities and lands. In 1659, he defended Yunnan, conquered Myanmar and captured Yongli emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Kangxi (1662), Emperor Yongli of Nanming Dynasty was killed, and Pingxi general was granted the title of Prince. Geng Jingzhong, king of Jingnan, and Shang Kexi, king of Pingnan, were also called "San Francisco". In 1673, in the face of the withdrawal of the imperial court, he called himself "the Grand Marshal of the land and water of the president" and "the general of Xingming Dynasty", which started the "San Francisco rebellion". Kangxi seventeen years (1678), ascended the throne, the state name Dazhou, year name Zhaowu.

Kangxi seventeen years (1678), died of illness, when 67 years old, only to do more than five months of emperor

Life of the characters

Early years

Wu Sangui, whose ancestral home is Gaoyou in nanzhili, was born in 1612 in qiantunweizhonghousuo, Guangning (now Suizhong, Liaoning).

Born in a family of generals in western Liaoning, he has been practicing martial arts since childhood and is good at riding and shooting. Wu Xiang heard and witnessed how the Ming Dynasty lost in the battle of Guangning in 1622, how Xiong Tingbi, the governor of Liaodong, was spread to the first nine sides, and how Wang Huazhen, the governor of Liaodong, died in prison. Wu Sangui's biological mother is unknown. Wu Xiang was ordered to transfer to Beijing and married his granddaughter's younger sister as the sequel. Zu dashou is a famous family living in western Liaoning. Wu Xiang became his brother-in-law and Wu Sangui became his nephew. The marriage of the two families made Wu Xiang and Wu Sangui find a strong backing, and also made the Zus family more powerful. Wu Sangui, under the instruction and influence of his father Wu Xiang and his uncle Zu dashou, studied both literature and martial arts. He passed the martial arts examination when he was less than 20 years old. From then on, he began his military career with his father Wu Xiang and his uncle Zu dashou.

In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), Emperor Taiji of the Qing Dynasty led 50000 or 60000 troops to avoid the Ningjin defense line constructed by the Ming Dynasty, bypassed Mongolia and headed for Beijing, which is known as "the change of Jisi". In the face of the fierce Qing army, the government and the public criticized him a lot. At the same time, it happened that Huang Taiji designed a rebellious, suspicious Chongzhen arrested yuan Chonghuan and put him in prison. Guan Ning's army has been unfairly treated for a long time since it entered the garrison: even though it won the second victory of Guangqumen and Zuoanmen, it was still reviled as a spy. It spent half a month in the city moat. Jingying threw bricks from the city and killed three people, selected a front to go out of the city and cut six people to death. The night patrol soldiers were killed or blackmailed. When yuan Chonghuan was unjustly vindicated, all the soldiers were disheartened. They all said, "I can't help being loyal to the commander. Where are we Why He didn't listen to Zu dashou's order and ran East. In the battle of Dalinghe in 1631, the fourth year of Chongzhen, Wu Xiang, the regiment commander in chief, led more than 40000 horse steps to help the grandson of Dalinghe city (now Linghai, Liaoning). As a result, Wu Xiang escaped and was dismissed.

Guarding Liaodong

In June 1632, in order to quell the mutiny of general Kong Youde in Dengzhou (now Penglai City, Shandong Province), Wu Xiang went to Shandong with his deputy general Zu Dabi. At last, Kong Youde crossed the sea from Dengzhou and went to Houjin. Wu Xiang resumed his post as chief soldier. Wu Sangui was also a guerrilla when he was 20 years old. In the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Wu Sangui was promoted to be a member of the right Camp of the forward at the age of 23. In September of 1638, he served as the Deputy General of the right battalion of Qianfeng, equivalent to the deputy commander in chief. He was 26 years old at that time. In 1639, Hong Chengchou, governor of Jiliao, Fang yizao, governor of Liaodong, and Gao Qiqian, eunuch of Yuma, governor of guanning, reported to the imperial court for approval. Wu Sangui was promoted to commander in chief of Ningyuan regiment at the age of 27.

In 1640, the Ming and Qing armies met in Jiama mountain near Xingshan (now Jinxian County, Liaoning Province). In this battle, Wu Sangui showed his superb fighting skills. He fought desperately and fought with the Qing army. However, because of the extraordinary bravery of the Qing army, he ended up with mutual casualties. At the beginning of 1641, the Qing army gradually surrounded Jinzhou. Hong Chengchou, governor of Jiliao, deliberated with Qiu minyang and Wu Sangui, governors of Liaodong, and decided to venture to transport rice to Jinzhou, Songshan and Xingshan.

In the first month of the 16th year of Chongzhen (1643), zudashou, who had surrendered, received a letter from Wu Sangui in Shengjing. Zudashou transmitted the letter to Huangtaiji, and Huangtaiji said, "I've got a good understanding of the general military letter of your uncle. General's heart, hesitation. I'm afraid the general will miss this opportunity. It's a pity. " Although Wu Sangui didn't decline the Qing Dynasty in the process of wavering, he had set aside a way for himself to decline the Qing Dynasty. In spring, Wu Sangui was ordered to enter the pass and rushed to the capital to resist the Qing army who entered the fortress for the fifth time. The march was slow, and the Qing army had retreated when they arrived, but Chongzhen still valued him and appreciated him for coming to Beijing to serve the king. On May 15, Emperor Chongzhen invited Wu Sangui and others who came to King Qin to give him a sword. In September, the Qing army bypassed Ningyuan and laid down Housuo, qiantunwei and zhongqiansuo. Seven or eight days later, all three cities were lost. Wu Sangui's Ningyuan became an isolated city outside Shanhai Pass, which had lost its strategic significance.

Offering the pass and descending the Qing Dynasty

At the beginning of the 17th year of Chongzhen (1644), the Ming Dynasty, facing the fate of collapse, bet on Wu Sangui, who had a heavy army outside the pass. Many courtiers, such as Wang Yongji and Wu Linzheng, went to Shanghai one after another and asked to withdraw their troops from Ningyuan to defend the capital. In March, Wu Zhaoqin led the army to Beijing. On March 19, Wu Sangui led his troops to Shanhaiguan, and then led them westward to the capital. On the 22nd, Wu Sangui went to Yutian (Tangshan City, Hebei Province) and got the news that the capital had fallen and Chongzhen had hanged himself. In order to find a new leader, Wu Sangui speculated among various political forces for more than a month.

Dashun Li Zicheng had many times to surrender, Wu Sangui repeatedly hesitated, once had the idea of surrendering to Li Zicheng. It is said that Chen Yuanyuan, his concubine, was taken away by Li Zicheng's subordinates. Wu Sangui, who was defeated by Li Zicheng on both sides, was unable to stop dorgun on the outside. Chen Yuanyuan and the relatives of the Wu family have become Li Zicheng's hostages. In order to save his family's life, Wu agreed to make peace with Li Zicheng. In case of Li Zicheng's cheating, he privately asked Dorgon for help on the condition of dividing the Yellow River from the north to the south. On April 13, Li Zicheng led 60000 troops to Shanhaiguan. At this time, Li Zicheng, who was dazzled by a series of victories since the beginning of the year, underestimated the seriousness of the military confrontation at that time. When Wu Sangui learned that Li Zicheng personally led the army to the East, he sent six people, including Shanhaiguan gentry, Li Yousong, Tan shenhuan, Liu Tailin, Liu Taishan, Huang Zhenan and Gao Xuan, to meet Li Zicheng's army in Sanhe County, not far east of Beijing, to show their intention of surrender, so as to delay time and wait for the Qing army. After the envoys sent to the Qing army for help returned to Shanhaiguan with Dorgon's reply, Wu Sangui immediately wrote to Dorgon, asking him to "reorganize the tiger brigade and go straight to Shanhaiguan". Li Zicheng didn't find out Wu Sangui's real intention of false surrender until he arrived at the time of closing the door. However, it has delayed the opportunity for the light soldiers to quickly advance and seize the door. However, after receiving Wu Sangui's second request for help, Dorgon arrived 15 li away from the gate on the 21st after a day and night's forced army.

On April 21, duoergun took advantage of Wu Sangui's critical situation to force Wu Sangui to give up the policy of uniting the Qing Dynasty against Li and surrender to the Qing Dynasty. On April 22, Wu Sangui was defeated at the beginning of the war. Wu Sangui appealed to Dorgon for help. Dorgon took advantage of Wu Sangui's negotiation with Li Zicheng to attack Li Zicheng. Wu Sangui and the Qing army defeated Li Zicheng in a battle of rubble. After the Qing troops entered the pass, they invaded Beijing. Dorgon moved the young emperor Shunzhi and the imperial court from Shengjing in the northeast to Beijing. After the Qing Dynasty established the capital of Beijing, Wu Sangui was canonized as the king of Pingxi.

Lead the troops South

After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, the contrast of various political forces changed dramatically, and the Qing government implemented the policy of buying high officials and rich salaries, and the bureaucrats who died in the Ming Dynasty surrendered to the Qing Dynasty one after another. Wu Sangui also gave up the idea of supporting Prince Ming. As a representative of the landlord class of Han nationality, Wu Sangui was still far away from the Qing government. First of all, Wu Sangui's beggars attacked Li under the banner of "resuming your father's enmity".

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Sangui still maintained a certain contact with the residual forces of the Ming Dynasty. For the Fuwang regime in Nanjing, he even said: "I can't bear to add up with one arrow.". Thirdly, unlike other demoted officials, Wu Sangui also has a unit under his own independent command. Therefore, at the beginning of its entry into the customs, the Qing government showed its favor to the outside, but was suspicious of it, and did not give it any power. In addition to taking strict precautions against Li Zicheng politically, he only used his hatred of Li Zicheng's uprising army to lead his troops to attack Li Zicheng militarily. In June, Wu Sangui went out of Shandong Province to pacify the rest of Li Zicheng's troops. In September, Wu Sangui went to the west to fight Li Zicheng.

In August of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), after Li Zicheng's main force was basically eliminated, the Qing government transferred him back from the front line to "leave Jinzhou". Wu Sangui had a clear idea of the Qing government's arrangement. from then on

Chinese PinYin : Wu San Gui