Zhongshan

Zhongshan

Zhongshan state (414-296 B.C.), with the surname of Ji (i.e. Zi), was founded by Wu Gong of Zhongshan. It was founded by Bai Di. It was named Zhongshan state because there were mountains in the city (Zhongshan City). The territory is embedded between Yan and Zhao. It went through three stages of development: Rongdi, Xianyu and Zhongshan. It fought with Jin and other Central Plains countries for a long time. It was once regarded as a serious trouble for Central Plains countries. It experienced the events of Xing Hou fighting Rong and Jin Hou fighting Xianyu. Later, the Wei Wenhou sent the generals LeYang and Wuqi to command the army. After three years of hard struggle, they occupied Zhongshan in 407 BC. Later, Duke Huan of Zhongshan regained his country and enjoyed great national strength, with nine thousand chariots. In 296 BC, it was destroyed by the state of Zhao.

Historical evolution

be born

Zhongshan state is a country built by Xianyu people and embedded in yanzhaoli (in the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain in the middle of Hebei Province). It is named because of the mountains in the city. Founded by Wu Gong of Zhongshan, it experienced three stages of development: Rong Di, Xian Yu and Zhongshan. In each stage, it was regarded as a great trouble for China by the Central Plains. It also experienced the stages of Xing Hou fighting Rong, Jin Hou fighting Xian Yu, Wei destroying Zhongshan and Zhao destroying Zhongshan.

The predecessor of Zhongshan state was the dixianyu tribe in the north, which was called Baidi. It was first in Suide, Northern Shaanxi, and gradually moved to Taihang mountain area.

Xianyu gets its name from Xianyu water, which is Qingshui River flowing into Hutuo River in the southwest of Wutai Mountain. This area is the earliest birthplace of Xianyu. The name of Xianyu first appeared in Guoyu. According to the book, in 774 B.C., when answering Zheng Huan Gong's questions, taishibo mentioned that there were 16 feudal states with Ji surname, 6 vassal states with different surnames around Luoyang, Nanman and Dongyi who were not the sons of the king, and Rong and di countries or tribal groups in Northwest China, among which Xianyu was one.

Zhongshan culture is mainly distributed in today's Dingzhou City and the mountainous areas of Lingshou, Pingshan and Jinzhou. At first, the capital was destroyed in Lingshou (now in the third level township of Pingshan County, Hebei Province, China). After the restoration of the country, it was destroyed in Guding (now in Dingzhou City, Hebei Province, China), and then restored to the country. The capital was still set in Lingshou, because there were mountains in the city. Among the unearthed artifacts are two eared copper cauldrons, flat square pots, bronze daggers with animal heads, gold wrist ornaments, and Gold Tiger shaped plate ornaments inlaid with pine stones, which fully reflect the cultural exchange and influence between the northern nomadic culture and the Chinese countries.

Xinghou Baorong

During the spring and Autumn period, Xianyu tribal alliance was composed of Xianyu, Fei, Gu, Qiu and other tribes, and gradually began to expand its power. At first, it was weak and resisted by Xing state. It was recorded in historical records that Xing defeated Rong Di many times, which effectively defended the territory of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Central Plains. In the early spring and Autumn period, the state of Xing was weak. In the spring of 652 BC, Xianyu attacked the state of Xing. The next year, he attacked the state of Wei. Xing Jun fled and Wei Jun was killed. Duke Huan of Qi united the forces of song, Cao, Xing and Wei to defeat Xianyu, and then he saved Xing and Wei from extinction.

Jin Dynasty cutting down Xianyu

In the middle and late period of the spring and Autumn period, the main enemy of Xianyu was the state of Jin. The state of Jin adopted the strategy of eating the subordinate states of Xianyu such as Gu, Fei and Qiu you first, and finally eliminating Xianyu. In 530 BC, Jin general Xun Wu entered the gudu Xiyang (now the west of Jin county in Hebei Province) through Xianyu, but did not destroy the drum. In August of that year, Jin miefei (in today's Gaocheng County, Hebei Province) captured the monarch Miangao, and the old land of feiguo belonged to Jin. In the winter of the second year, Duke Zhao of Jin Dynasty learned that the Xianyu border was empty, so he led a large army to break Xianyu zhongrencheng (now Qiaoling in the northwest of Tang County in Hebei Province). In the autumn of 527 B.C., Xunwu led his army to attack drums and captured the monarch Yuanqi, making drums a tributary of Jin Dynasty. Six years later, the drum was completely destroyed.

In the autumn of 507 B.C., Xianyu sent troops to pingzhong of the state of Jin, defeated the army of Jin, captured the warrior Guanhu of the state of Jin, and avenged Jin for destroying fat and drum and occupying Zhongren city.

In 506 BC, Xianyu people founded their country in the dangerous Zhongren city (now Sushan, northwest of Tang County, Hebei Province). Because there are mountains in the city, it is called "Zhongshan". This is the early state of Zhongshan. The name of Zhongshan was first seen in historical books. Zuozhuan records: in the spring of 506 BC, the state of Jin refused the request of marquis CAI to invade Chu and was ready to concentrate on dealing with Zhongshan. In 505 BC and 504 BC, the state of Jin attacked Zhongshan in Xianyu twice to avenge "huoguanhu". Since then, Xianyu Zhongshan state was also called "Xianyu" and "Zhongshan" in historical books.

In 497 BC, after the internal strife of Jin, Zhongshan got a respite from the heavy pressure of Jin and began to intervene in the disputes of other countries.

In 494 B.C., Zhongshan, together with Qi, Lu and Wei, conquered Jin and obtained Jipu (in today's Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province), which was listed in the territory of Zhongshan state. In 491 BC, xunyin, a doctor of Jin Dynasty, fled to Zhongshan of Xianyu because of the civil strife in Jin Dynasty. Xunyin was the enemy of Zhongshan, but in order to weaken the state of Jin, Zhongshan accepted xunyin to the newly occupied Bai people (now Longyao County West of Hebei Province). In the spring of 489 BC, Zhao Yang, a doctor of Jin Dynasty, defeated Zhongshan by "Shuai Shi" to defeat Xianyu. The attack was so severe that there was no record of Zhongshan in the historical records for more than 20 years.

Then the state of Jin pointed at Qiu you, the last subordinate state of Zhongshan state. Because Qiu you's national road was dangerous and difficult, Zhibo (named xunyao) of Jin had a plan to cast a new big bell, which was given to Qiu you's monarch, and ordered Qiu you's state to "chop an Li River" to welcome the bell. Qiu Youchen Xiangchi zhangman saw through xunyao's tactics and tried to persuade the monarch many times. However, Qiu Youjun was greedy for the clock and bent on his own way, which gave the Jin state an opportunity to take advantage of. Seven days later, Qiu you was destroyed.

After clearing the periphery, Jin began to attack Zhongshan. From 459 BC to 457 BC, "xunyao conquered Zhongshan and took the mound of poor fish" (in today's Yi County, Hebei Province). In 457 B.C., the new young Mu Zi of Jin Dynasty attacked Zhongshan and went straight into the hinterland of Zhongshan. He occupied the left and middle people (in Tang County of Hebei Province today) and "went down to two cities in one day". Zhongshan kingdom was fatally hit.

Wei destroyed Zhongshan

In 453 B.C., Han, Zhao and Wei divided into Jin, and the state of Jin survived in name. In 403 B.C., Zhao, Han and Wei were appointed princes, forming a situation in which the Warring States powers of Qin, Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei competed for hegemony. In this turbulent era, Zhongshan began to revive.

In 414 B.C., Takeo Nakayama led his tribe to leave the mountainous area and migrate to the eastern plain, establishing a new capital in Gu (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province). Wu Gong imitated the ritual system of the Chinese countries, established the political and military system of Zhongshan state, and initially governed the country. Therefore, Duke Huan was attacked when he was young. Wei Wenhou sent LeYang and Wuqi to command the army. After three years of hard struggle, he occupied Zhongshan state in 407 BC. Wei Wenhou sent the prince to succeed him. Three years later, he sent shaozizhi. Later, he was defeated and established as the king of Wei state, that is, Wei Wuhou. The remnant of Zhongshan state retreated into Taihang Mountain.

Zhao Mie Zhong Shan

After the extermination of Zhongshan, after more than 20 years of hard work and accumulation of strength, Duke Huan finally revived Zhongshan around 380 B.C., and established his capital Lingshou (now near Sanji, Pingshan, Hebei).

After the revival, Zhongshan state was located in the northeast of Zhao state, which separated the northern and southern parts of Zhao state, so it became a serious problem of Zhao state. Zhao attacked Zhongshan twice in 377 and 376 B.C., but they were all resisted by Zhongshan without success. Since then, Zhongshan began to build the Great Wall. According to the records of the Zhao family, the Great Wall was built in Zhongshan in the sixth year of the reign of marquis Cheng of Zhao (369 BC) The Great Wall is about 3 meters high and 0.5-2.5 meters wide. The method is to excavate the foundation on both sides, build stones as side walls, and fill the middle with soil and gravel. In addition, experts speculate that the great wall of Zhongshan may be on the northwest border of Zhongshan state, heading south along the Taihang Mountains southwest of Tang County, Quyang, Xingtang, Lingshou, Pingshan and Shijiazhuang, and ending in the northwest of Xingtai. In 323 BC, Gongsun Yan, the general of the Wei Dynasty, initiated the Prime Minister of the five kingdoms, and Zhongshan wangcuo took the opportunity to become the king. In 314 B.C., during the turmoil of Yan state, Zhongshan wangcuo sent Sima Fu, the Prime Minister of the state, to lead the soldiers of the state to attack Yan, conquer dozens of cities, conquer the enemy state (yanxiadu), expand the territory for hundreds of miles and plunder a lot of wealth. Sima Fu was granted the privilege of "death penalty for three generations" because of his merits. However, the glory of Zhongshan Kingdom did not last long. Qi's action of destroying Yan was resisted by many countries. In 312 BC, Qi was defeated in the battle of Pu Shui and was forced to withdraw from Yan. After Yan Zhao ascended the throne, he recovered some of the cities occupied by Zhongshan kingdom. Since King Wuling of Zhao promoted Hufu riding and shooting, Zhao's national strength has greatly increased and began the war of conquering Zhongshan. In 306 BC, Zhao attacked Zhongshan to Ningjia. In the following year, King Wuling ordered Zhao Zhen to be the right general, Xu Jun to be the left general, and gongzizhang to be the general of the middle army. He led the three armies to capture Fuyi, Shiyi, Fenglong, and Dongyuan. At the same time, he ordered Niu Jian to lead chariots, Zhao Xi to lead Hu Bing and Dai Di's soldiers to capture the fortresses in Danqiu, Huayang, diniao, and so on. In 303 BC, the state of Zhao invaded Zhongshan again. In 301 B.C., the Zhao army conquered Lingshou, the capital of Zhongshan state, and the king of Zhongshan (concubine CI Chong) fled to the state of Qi. In 296 B.C., the state of Zhao deposed king Shang of Zhongshan and moved him to Fushi. Since the late spring and Autumn period, the state of Zhongshan was founded and declared to be extinct after more than 200 years.

territory

In the spring and Autumn period, Xianyu state was roughly located in Shijiazhuang in the south, southwest of Tang County in the north, Jingxing and Yuxian in Taihang Mountain in the west, and Hutuo River in the East

Chinese PinYin : Zhong Shan Guo