Jung

Carl Gustav Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) is a Swiss psychologist. In 1907, he began to cooperate with Sigmund Freud to develop and popularize psychoanalysis for six years. Later, he broke up with Freud's idea and founded Jung's theory of personality analysis psychology. He put forward the concept of "complex" and divided personality into introversion and extroversion. He advocated that personality should be divided into consciousness, individual unconsciousness and collective unconsciousness. He once served as the president of the international society for psychoanalysis and the president of the International Association for psychotherapy. He died in Switzerland on June, 1961. His theory and thought still have a profound impact on psychological research.

Life of the characters

Lonely childhood

Carl Jung was born in kesswil, Switzerland in 1875. His eight uncles and grandmothers were clergy, while his father was a devout priest. He had two brothers who died before he was born. His parents are not harmonious and his mother's temperament is capricious. Jung was a strange and melancholy child since he was a child. He was mostly with himself and often amused himself with some fantasy games.

At the age of six, Jung began to go to school, and his father began to teach him Latin at the same time. By getting along with his classmates, Jung gradually found another side outside the family. Looking back years later, he divided himself into two personalities - number one and number two. The first character is shown in daily life. At this time, he is like a child, studying, concentrating and studying seriously. The other personality is like an adult, suspicious, not easy to trust others, and far away from others.

At the age of 12, he was pushed down by a boy at noon in early summer, and Jung often fell into a state of fainting for months. His parents went around for treatment, but they could not be cured. Then Jung used his willpower to cure his strange disease. Jung called it experiencing a "neurosis.". In the same period, Jung's No.1 personality became the protagonist, while the world of No.2 personality gradually disappeared. During this period, he began to contact the history of western philosophy, including Schopenhauer's works.

Study and employment

Jung initially planned to study natural science or humanities, but also wanted to become an archaeologist. In 1895, Jung entered Basel University, majoring in medicine. At school, he gave lectures on theology and psychology. In his freshman year, he wrote a book on spiritual phenomena. After graduation, Jung chose psychiatric courses and clinical practice, but the course content was not so interesting.

In December 1900, he got a license as an assistant physician at the bogoldsley psychiatric hospital in Zurich. His tutor was breller, and he began to contact Freud's psychoanalysis.

In 1903, Jung published his graduation thesis entitled "on psychology and metaphysics of so called occult phenomena."

In the same year, he married his rich daughter Emma. Although they had five children, Jung had a lot of gossip after marriage. His wife died in 1955.

From 1904 to 1905, Jung actively participated in the experimental program on early-onset dementia (later changed to schizophrenia) led by breller. Under the guidance of breller, Jung further developed the test method of "word association". After that, he tried to measure the mental state of patients by detecting skin and wires with voltage galvanometer, and used word association test to detect criminals.

In 1905, Jung was promoted to a lecturer in psychiatry at the University of Zurich. In the same year, Jung was promoted to a senior doctor in a psychiatric hospital. He taught psychopsychology, Freud's psychoanalysis and primitive human psychology.

In 1906, Jung published a research result on word association: study in word association, and sent it to Freud.

Friendship with Freud

In March 1907, Jung and Freud formally met in Vienna. They talked for nearly 30 hours. For Jung, Freud was the most important person he met. For Freud, Jung's non Jewish background can just break the prejudice that only Jewish people care about psychoanalysis, and his psychomedical background and experience in bogersley hospital make him a new star in the psychoanalysis camp. Six months later, Freud sent his research results to Jung, so the two began a six-year close contact and cooperation.

Jung Ren's psychoanalysis and psychopathology research Yearbook in 1908. The following year, he came to the United States with Freud and psychologist Franz to attend a psychology conference at Clark University.

In 1910, Jung was elected president of the international society for psychoanalysis and chief editor of its first psychoanalysis journal. At the same time, Jung began to prepare his paper "the study of unconscious psychology", which expounds the differences between him and Freud in psychological research, and the differences between them are growing. In addition to the different views on psychology, the paternal authority of Freud also made Jung unbearable.

In 1912, Freud paid a visit to klutslingen, where Jung lived, but he didn't pay a visit to klutslingen. Jung was very indignant. Soon after that, Jung went to the United States again and made several speeches at Fordman University, publicly refuting Freud's theory of sexual instinct. The relevant contents were summarized in his book psychoanalytic theory of the same year. In November of the same year, the two met in Munich to discuss the issue of psychoanalysis magazine. During the discussion, Freud suddenly fainted.

In 1912, Jung also published the study of unconscious psychology, which marked his complete break with Freud. The last time they met was the Fourth International psychoanalytic conference in Munich in September 1913, at which Jung gave a speech on introversion and extroversion. .

Writing books and establishing schools

After breaking up with Freud, Jung was like walking into a dead end. His friends and colleagues turned away from him, his theory was severely criticized, and there were problems in his personal spirit. In 1914, he quit his job and began a series of trips to explore his subconscious.

Since 1916, he has published works for his research results, and was invited to give a lecture in Paris on the relationship between self and subconsciousness. After that, he gave similar lectures in 1923 and 1925.

In 1918, inspired by the works of Gnostic writers and alchemy, he began to study the psychology of consciousness from a new perspective.

In 1921, Jung published the book psychological types, which explores the possible attitude of the conscious mind towards the world. After the publication of this book, Jung gained a great reputation in the field of psychology.

In 1924-25, Jung went to the United States and traveled near New Mexico to visit the local Indians. In October 1925, Jung set out to explore Africa, passing through Kenya and Uganda, and finally arrived in Egypt.

In 1928, Jung cooperated with Richard William to study alchemy and Manchurian symbols, and achieved fruitful results. His thoughts were suddenly enlightened, and the secret and comment of Jinhua was published in 1929, and his theory was welcomed by the psychological circle. From 1932 to 1942, Jung was a professor at the Federal Polytechnic University of Zurich. In 1930, he was the vice president of the society of psychotherapy medicine, and in 1933, he was the president. In 1934, he founded the international society of psychotherapy medicine and served as its president. Since 1933, the society has held annual seminars in askona, Switzerland. In addition, Jung has been awarded honorary titles of world famous universities, academies of Sciences and academic groups.

After Hitler came to power in 1934, Jung wrote an article against anti Semitic remarks.

In 1938, Jung accepted the invitation of the British government to attend the celebration of the University of Calcutta in India. There, Jung came into contact with Eastern civilization, Buddhism and Hinduism. His research on alchemy and religion continued.

When World War II broke out in 1939, Jung resigned as president of the International Psychotherapy Association. After that, he has been engaged in personality psychology research and psychotherapy in Switzerland for a long time. Jung resigned from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic University in Zurich in 1942 due to physical reasons. Later, he published many books on psychology and alchemy. In addition, Jung often held seminars in English and German. Many of them became the first generation of Jung's personality analysis psychologists and the foundation of Jung college established in Zurich in 1948.

Jung suffered a heart attack in 1944, and then his mental condition deteriorated. He took nearly a year to recover.

At the end of World War II in 1945, Jung finally left Switzerland and made a speech all over the world. During that time, he published psychology and religion, which aroused strong repercussions in religious circles. At the same time, Jung's remarks about Jews before and after World War II were also criticized, and many scholars even thought that he was an anti Jew.

From 1946 to 1952, although Jung was bedridden for a long time, he still published four books on the essence of spirit, Erin: a phenomenological study of himself, answering job and synchronicity: the principle of interrelated contingency, which focused on the in-depth analysis and discussion of religion from the perspective of personality psychology. Meanwhile, his wife and close friend, Mrs. Tony, died in 1950, and Jung's health deteriorated.

old age

Chinese PinYin : Rong Ge