Emperor Qianlong

Aixinjueluo Hongli

Aixinjueluo Hongli

(September 25, 1711 - February 7, 1799), the sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the fourth emperor after Beijing was established as its capital. Year number“

Qianlong

”It means "the way of heaven is prosperous". After 60 years in office, he continued to exercise political discipline after the Zen throne. He actually exercised the supreme power for 63 years and 4 months. He was the longest emperor actually in charge of the highest power of the country in Chinese history, and also the longest lived emperor.

Emperor Qianlong was a famous emperor in Chinese feudal society. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty reached the peak since the heyday of Kangxi and Qianlong. On the basis of the cultural and martial arts of Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, he further completed the unification of a multi-ethnic country and further developed the social economy and culture. Qianlong attached great importance to social stability and cared for the people. He was free of money and grain for five times and grain for three times in eight provinces, which reduced the burden of farmers and played a role in protecting agricultural production. During the Qianlong period, the martial arts flourished, and made great achievements in pacifying the rebellion in the border areas, and improved the rule over Tibet. Xinjiang was once again included in the territory of China, which maximized the territory of the Qing Dynasty and formally established the territory of modern China. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, he carried out the national policy of "ruling by customs". Sinology has been greatly developed, including erudite study of Hongci and compilation of Sikuquanshu. At the same time, folk art has been greatly developed, such as Peking Opera, which began to take shape in the Qianlong period. However, in the later period, the administration of officials was corrupted and uprisings broke out in many places. It strictly resisted the aggressive acts of Britain and Russia, but the closed door policy widened the gap between China and the west, and China was on the eve of modern times.

In the 60th year of Qianlong (1795), Emperor Qianlong's Zen was located in the 15th son of guayan. On the third day of the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (February 7, 1799), he died in Yangxin hall at the age of 89. Temple name

Gaozong

His posthumous title is fa Tianlong, Yun Zhicheng, xianjue Ti, Yuan Liji, Fu Wen, Fen Wu, Qin Ming, filial piety and benevolence

Pure Emperor

It was buried in Yuling, the eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Hongli was born at midnight on August 13 (September 25) in 1711, the 50th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi. He was named Yuanshou in Beijing. (it is also said that Hongli was born in Chengde Mountain Resort.) Concubine Xi was the concubine of Emperor Yongzheng. At this time, Hongmin, the second elder brother of Hongli, died early when he was two years old and had never been with xuxingci. Honghui, the elder brother of xuxingci, and Hongyun, the third elder brother, died one after another. Hongshi was the only one elder than Hongli. Therefore, Hongli ranked fourth among all the scholars of Yinzhen and was actually the second. Hongli has been smart since he was a child. He studied at the age of five. In the 60th year of Kangxi (1721), it is said that Emperor Kangxi met his grandson Hongli for the first time in Yongqin palace. At that time, Hongli was ten years old. His grandfather, Emperor Kangxi, was so surprised to see him that he ordered him to teach books and lessons in the palace, and visited Rehe mountain resort with his grandfather. In November 1722, Emperor Kangxi died and Yin Zhen ascended the throne. At that time, Hongshi's temperament was indulgent and his behavior was not sincere. Hongli was favored by Emperor Kangxi at the end of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, and his father was in a favorable position in the struggle for the throne. Therefore, when Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne, he regarded Hongli, who was only 13 years old, as the crown prince in his mind.

In August of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), Yongzheng personally wrote the secret decree of the crown prince and established Hongli as his successor, which was hidden in the box behind the plaque of "Zhengda Guangming" in the Qianqing palace. As Emperor Yongzheng was busy fighting for the throne, Hongli received enlightenment education later than other royal children, and did not enter school until he was nine years old. After Yongzheng emperor ascended the throne and decided Hongli as the crown prince, he strengthened his education. In addition to the original teacher Fumin, he also selected Zhu Shi, Xu Yuanmeng, Zhang Tingyu, Ji Zengyun, Cai Shiyuan and other famous literary officials to help Hongli learn cultural knowledge and Confucian classics. He also taught Hongli how to use firearms, bow and shoot horses with Yunlu and Yunxi. Under the careful cultivation of Emperor Yongzheng, in just a few years, Hongli had learned Manchu and Chinese, and practiced civil and martial arts all over the world. At the end of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Kangxi "died again", and Hongli "sacrificed to jingling" for his father for the second time. In July of 1727, Hongli married Li Rongbao, the daughter of Fucha, the general manager of Chahar, a famous Manchurian family, and lived in the second West House of the Forbidden City. In the same year, three elder brother Hongshi was cut from his clan because of his indulgence and irreverence. Hongli's powerful competitor no longer existed.

In 1730, Hongli's son was born. Yonglian was named by Emperor Yongzheng himself, which implied the intention of inheriting the throne. His poems on Fu were compiled into the complete works of leshantang in 14 volumes. In the winter of that year, the preface was written by his younger brother hongdaytime, his bachelor ertai and Zhang Tingyu. In the next year, the preface was written by Zhu Shi and Cai Shiyuan. In 1732, Yunlu, Yunli, Yunxi and other prefaces were made. The purpose is to prepare for Hongli's succession to the throne. In order to further develop his political ability, Emperor Yongzheng granted Hongli the title in 1733

Prince heshuobao

And let him take part in such important political and military affairs as pacifying the Junggar rebellion and Guizhou Miao uprising. During the period of strict education and deep trust, he performed well. From then on, Hongli was often ordered to sacrifice mausoleum, Confucius, Guansheng emperor, Xiangtai temple, land, Taisui and Dashi.

The early reign of Emperor Qianlong

On August 23, 1735, Emperor Yongzheng passed away. His royal servant took out the Edict and announced Hongli's accession to the throne. On the third day of September, the emperor Hongli was located in the hall of Taihe, and next year was the first year of Qianlong. On September 27, Emperor Qianlong moved to Yangxin hall to avoid the people's debt to Ding Fu and e Fu. In October, he announced the policy of "tempering justice with mercy". At the beginning of Qianlong's reign, the general policy trend was to take Confucianism as the guidance, to replace the harshness of Emperor Yongzheng with leniency, to implement benevolent government to the people, and to be tolerant and open-minded to ministers and officials. At the beginning of Emperor Qianlong's accession to the throne, he concentrated on rectifying some maladministration of the former two dynasties, especially the Yongzheng Dynasty, and exerted his political talents in this process.

After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, in order to adjust the imbalance of internal relations among the royal family, win the hearts of the people, and ease the internal contradictions of the ruling group, he first released Yongzheng's long-term imprisoned political enemies, such as Yunyi, from prison to restore his title. To a certain extent, it eased the sharp contradictions and laid a good foundation for maintaining the consistency of the ruling class. While adjusting the internal relations of the royal family, Emperor Qianlong also dealt with the problems left over by the two cases of niangengyao and longkeduo in the Yongzheng Dynasty. In the second year of Qianlong's reign, he released Yue Zhongqi and Fu Erdan, who were sentenced to death at the end of Yongzheng for delaying the military plane, and granted them to Duke Yunchen and other dukes. In November, he ordered erdai and others to still handle military aircraft affairs.

While alleviating the internal situation of the imperial court, Emperor Qianlong also insisted on stabilizing the rebellion in the frontier. In May of the third year of Qianlong (1738), Zhang Guangsi appeased the Miao rebellion in Guizhou. In October, the crown prince Yonglian died of illness and became crown prince Duanhui. In February of 1739, the fourth year of Qianlong reign, the Ministry of Junggar called for the Altai Mountain as the boundary, which laid the foundation for the success of the peace negotiation in the Qing Dynasty. In July, he led his troops to lhawusu in the west of the Erhai sea, and dispatched troops to erkunhe, qiqierlik, erdenizhao, Tamil and uliyasutai to guard against the Junggar rebellion. In October of the same year, a case broke out in which Wang Yunlu, the prince of Zhuangzi, and Hong Xi, the prince of Li, formed a clique for personal gain. Emperor Qianlong removed Yun Lu's position as Minister of state and Minister of Li Fan yuan. Hong Xi reduced the rank of nobility and banned him from the imperial circle, and Baile Hong Chang reduced his salary. In December, belpo luonai became the king of the prefecture. In December 1740, Zhang Guangsi led the army to completely pacify the Miao rebellion in Guangxi and Hunan.

Emperor Qianlong took steps to correct or abandon some wrong policies and measures pursued by Emperor Yongzheng. For example, they believe in "auspicious omen" and believe in alchemy. Emperor Qianlong didn't believe in alchemy, so he expelled the monks and Taoists from the palace, and ordered that "auspicious omens" should not be reported. "All auspicious things in Qingyun and Jiagu should not be reported.". Emperor Qianlong also corrected the mistakes of consumptive admiration returning to the public and spreading to the earth. In October of 1735, Emperor Qianlong stipulated that all localities should make a detailed investigation when they memorialize the land for reclaiming wasteland, and "they should not pretend to be tired of nourishing their ancestors". Emperor Qianlong had great courage to adjust and correct some wrong policies of the Yongzheng Dynasty. Of course, he also inherited and developed all the positive policies of the Yongzheng Dynasty, which made the politics and economy of the Qianlong Dynasty continue to develop on the basis of the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties. It was a good start for the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.

Get out of the way

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > the chaos of Guizhou Miao border < / sub > < sub >, < / sub > < sub > the battle of zhandui

In July of 1741, Emperor Qianlong held the first autumn service ceremony of Mulan. When the Empress Dowager fengchongqing went to the summer resort, she was exempted from three tenths of the amount of tax in the area she passed by, and the amount of tax in the counties and prefectures she passed by was reduced. Emperor Qianlong insisted on encircling Mulan, not for hunting, but for following the patriarchal system and rectifying the army style. It was no accident that Emperor Qianlong resumed his autumn service in Mulan in the sixth year of his accession to the throne. Following the pacification of the Miao border in Guizhou and the peace negotiation between the Qing Dynasty and Junggar, the two unfinished tasks left by Emperor Yongzheng to Emperor Qianlong have been completed. More importantly, although he started to adjust his political and economic policies at the beginning of his accession to the throne and achieved certain results, he was not blindly optimistic. He has repeatedly reprimanded the generals for their desire for comfort and the lack of armaments in the army. Therefore, the autumn service of Mulan in the sixth year of Qianlong had an important opening significance.

Chinese PinYin : Qian Long Di