Duan Qirui

Duan Qirui

Duan Qirui (March 6, 1865 - November 2, 1936), formerly known as Qirui, was born in Hefei County, Luzhou Prefecture, Anhui Province (now Hefei City, Anhui Province). During the period of the Republic of China, Sun Yat Sen was a famous statesman, known as the "tiger of the northern ocean", the leader of the warlords in Anhui, and the main target of Sun Yat Sen's "Law Protection Movement".

From 1916 to 1920, he was the actual leader of Beiyang government. From 1924 to 1926, the Republic of China was in power temporarily. On March 18, 1926, Duan Qirui's government suppressed the student movement in Beijing. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese once forced Duan Qirui to organize a puppet government in Northeast China, but Duan Yanci refused. Duan Qirui died in Shanghai Hongen hospital on November 2, 1936.

Known as the "six no prime minister", he served as four prime ministers, four chief of army, one chief of staff and one head of state. He was the first army chief and artillery commander of China's modern army. He served as the general manager of Baoding military academy, the first modern military academy in China.

Life of the characters

Youth

In June 1885, Li Hongzhang, a representative of the Westernization Movement in the Qing Dynasty, founded the Beiyang military preparation school. In September, Duan Qirui was admitted to the first phase of the military preparation school as a probationary student with excellent results and was assigned to the artillery department. Duan Qirui was famous for his diligence and tireless study at that time. He was a professional scholar, and he was often the best in his school experiments. He was as famous as Wang Shizhen and others in the world.

In November 1887, Duan Qirui graduated from the artillery Department of Tianjin military academy with "the best grade" and was sent to Lvshun to build the fort.

In the winter of 1888, Duan Qirui was allowed to study in Germany with four other students.

In December 1895, Yuan Shikai trained the new army in Tianjin station, and asked Yinchang to recommend talents. At the beginning of the next year, Duan Qirui was transferred to Tianjin station as the leader of the Third Battalion of the left wing artillery team of the new army. He also served as the supervisor and acting general teacher of the artillery team of the military academy.

On September 9, 1898, the military preparation school was established by the new army in Beiyang. The Qing government promoted Duan Qirui, the supervisor of the artillery school, to a higher rank. In December, the new army was reorganized as the right army of the military and defense forces. Duan Qirui still led the artillery team and went to Japan to observe the exercises.

In December of the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), Yuan Shikai, the right Minister of the Ministry of industry and governor of Shandong Province, led the right army of Wuwei to Shandong Province to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. He became an important helper of Yuan Shikai's expansion of the northern army and compiled a lot of training books.

Stepping into politics

On May 31, 1901, Yuan Shikai married his adoptive daughter Zhang peijuan, the granddaughter of Zhang Fu, the governor of Jiangxi Province and the left Deputy censor of duchayuan, to Duan Qirui. On November 7, Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of Zhili. He played Duan Qirui's role as "governor of the original province, adding the title of three grades" and "acting as the general office of the schools of the right army of the armed forces".

In May 1902, Guangxu participated in the suppression of jingtingbin uprising in Guangzong County. In June, he served as the chief of staff of the north ocean military and Political Department, and comprehensively presided over the compilation and training of the new army. On July 9, the ascending road officers were retained for the supplement of the direct officials, and the second grade was added. On August 9, because of the suppression of Zhili Guangzong and Weixian anti foreign missionaries' achievements, Yuan Shikai was awarded Dai Hualing and "brave batulu".

On December 4, 1903, the Qing government established the military training office (Prince of Qing Yi zhe was the Prime Minister of military training, Yuan Shikai was the Minister of Military Training Association, tie Liang was the Minister of xiangban, and Xu Shichang was the general secretary). Duan Qirui was appointed as the commander of military training office, with the title of deputy capital. He was also known as the "three heroes of Beiyang" together with Wang Shizhen and Feng Guozhang.

In June 1904, the "right army of military defense" was changed to "Beiyang army". Duan Qirui was appointed as the commanding officer of the third town and had jurisdiction over the fifth Association (commanding Lei Zhenchun), the sixth Association (commanding Zhang Yongcheng) and Ma Biao (commanding Zhang Guotai).

In May 1905, the fourth town of the Beiyang standing army was established, and Duan Qirui was transferred as the commanding officer, with jurisdiction over the seventh Association (commanding Yang Shande), the eighth Association (commanding Chen Guangyuan) and the Equestrian Association (commanding Meng Enyuan). In September, he was transferred to the sixth town. In October, the northern army of the Qing Dynasty held its first autumn exercise in Hejian Prefecture, and Duan Qirui was appointed president of the "northern army".

Guangxu 32 years (1906) in February to resume the third town control, stationed in Baoding, and oversees the Beiyang military schools. On March 17, he was awarded the post of commander in chief of Tingzhou Town, Fujian Province, and remained in Beiyang. On May 8, the Qing dynasty founded the "army camp officer school" in Baoding. Duan Qirui was also the supervisor of the school, and most of the Beiyang officers were his former officials. In October, the Qing government held the second autumn exercise of the northern and southern armies in Zhangde, Henan Province, and Duan Qirui served as the presidential officer of the "northern army" again. On November 20, the Qing government allowed Yuan Shikai to take part-time jobs, and the third town of the army was under the control of the Army Department.

Jiangbei Tidu

In September 1907, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai as the Minister of military aircraft and Minister of foreign affairs, cutting off military power. On October 16, Duan Qirui was awarded the vice governor of the Han Army in Xianghuang Banner, who was dedicated to supervising the army schools.

On October 17, 1908, Duan Qirui was appointed as the chief examiners of the overseas graduates of the army in the general examination. In November, Cixi and Guangxu died one after another. Regent zaifeng wanted to kill Yuan Shikai. Duan Qirui made a fake mutiny, which made zaifeng dare not fight.

On January 2, 1909, the first year of Xuantong (1909), Yuan Shikai, Minister of military aircraft and Minister of foreign affairs, was "opened immediately and returned home to raise his family". Before leaving, Yuan Shikai gave Duan Qirui his private house in Beijing. Duan Qirui remained in the army and often went to Zhangde, Henan Province to have a secret discussion with Yuan Shikai. On December 29, he was also under the control of the sixth town of the army.

On May 25th, 1910, the Qing government took Duan Qirui to supervise the academic affairs of the Beiyang army. He made great contributions to the military affairs and praised the military officials. On December 18, he joined the rank of minister and was appointed governor of Jiangbei. He was stationed in qingjiangpu, Jiangsu Province and was responsible for local public security.

Three make a republic

A republic

On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out. Yuan Shikai came out of the mountain and ordered Duan Qirui to be the commander of the first army and governor of Huguang. Duan Qirui, who studied abroad in his early years, accepted the idea of democracy and Republic in the West. He knew that China's backwardness was due to the centralized and corrupt family rule. Therefore, in the crusade against the revolutionary army, he did not really launch a large-scale attack, but negotiated with the revolutionary army and successively telegraphed the cabinet of the Qing government, the military advisory office, and the Army Department, saying: "the republican thought has gone deep into the hearts of the officers and men, and the generals are irresistible. If it is suppressed, there will be an immediate riot, and if it is perfunctory, there will be a complete collapse. "

On January 26, the first year of the Republic of China (1912), Duan Qirui, together with 46 generals with heavy troops, called the cabinet of the Qing government, the military advisory office and the Ministry of the army, and unanimously demanded that "the decree should be issued, that China and foreign countries should be declared, and that the Republic should be established.". If the Qing government did not break up quickly, the river and the sea would be lost, and the situation would become "sitting dead". On February 5, Duan Qirui led all the generals of the first army to call the Qing court. On February 12, Empress Dowager Longyu announced the abdication of the Qing emperor.

Second, create a republic

In 1915, Duan Qirui opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to be emperor, so he was forced to resign. Before Yuan became emperor, he tried to dissuade him five times, but he was rejected three times and shut down twice. He dissuaded Yuan Shikai from becoming emperor, saying that this matter is related to the safety of the country and Yuan's life and family, and should never be done. After he became emperor, Yuan Shikai did not denounce him publicly, but he never participated in it and did not receive any reward. After Yuan Shikai's death, Duan Qirui elected Li Yuanhong as president, which calmed down the opposition of the southern revolutionary army and restored the Parliament and the provisional treaty.

Three make a republic

On February 16, 1917, Duan Qirui advocated to join the treaty countries. Li Yuanhong objected. Because of the fierce conflict between his family and Germany, Duan Qirui advocated a declaration of war. Li Yuanhong disagreed with him, so Duan Qirui left his post. On June 14, Zhang Xun was restored. After that, Duan Qirui immediately went to the horse factory to prepare for the rebellion. On March 3, Duan Qirui sent a telegram in the name of the commander-in-chief of the rebel army to fight against Zhang Xun. He swore at the Machang, and joined hands with Feng Guozhang to count Zhang Xun's eight crimes and issued an address to fight against Zhang Xun. On the 12th, they invaded Beijing, drove away Zhang Xun and restored the Republic. Later, Feng Guozhang served as president and Duan Qirui as prime minister.

Unification by force

In 1917, during the term of the succeeding president Feng Guozhang, he fought with Feng Guozhang for the second time on the way to solve the problem of North South Division and unify China, and resigned on November 22. He was reinstated on March 22 of the following year. On October 10 of the same year, President Feng Guozhang's term of office expired, and the Anfu congress elected Xu Shichang as president. Duan and Feng agreed to go out together. Duan Qirui continued to manipulate the regime behind the scenes through Anfu department.

Zhiwan war

In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), Zhifeng and the two factions formed an anti Duan alliance to attack Anhui. In Anhui Province, Duan Qirui was known as the commander-in-chief of the national army. At the beginning, the direct offensive was slightly defeated, and Qu Tongfeng, the commander of the first division of Wanxi Road, led the troops to attack the direct army, and the direct army withdrew from Gaobeidian. Xu Shuzheng attacked Zhangzhuang, caicun and Yangcun with the four independent brigades of the northwest frontier army. On the 17th, Wu Peifu led his troops to attack songlindian, and Wanxi road retreated. Then the direct army occupied Zhuozhou and pursued Changxindian. Xu Shuzheng's Department of Anhui east road chased the Zhijun to BeiCang and lijiazui. At this time, the Fengjun army pressed down on the border and combined with the Zhijun army to turn defeat into victory. The war lasted for five days, the WAN army was defeated, and most of the tens of thousands of newly formed border guards were destroyed.

On July 19 of the same year, Duan Qirui was forced to resign. On July 23, Zhifeng two armies arrived in Beijing, took over the barracks of nanbeiyuan, ordered the dissolution of Anfu parliament, and wanted ten people including Wang Yitang, Xu Shuzheng and Duan Zhigui. Xu Shuzheng and others fled to Japan.

After the Zhiwan war, Cao Kun

Chinese PinYin : Duan Qi Rui