Ji Zhou

Zhou Dynasty

The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) is the third Slave Dynasty of the Chinese people after the Shang Dynasty in Chinese history. The Zhou Dynasty handed down 37 kings in 32 generations and enjoyed the state for 790 years.

The Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC) and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC). Zhou Dynasty was founded by Jifa, King Wu of Zhou Dynasty. He Zun's inscription records a series of activities of King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty, such as building (or moving the capital) into Zhou (now Luoyang, Henan Province), holding sacrifices and rewarding ministers. Later, King Mu of Zhou built a palace in Nanzheng, and King Yi of Zhou moved his capital to gouqiu (now Xianyang, Shaanxi). In 771 B.C., Ho Jing fell and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. In 770 B.C. (the first year of King Ping of Zhou), King Ping moved eastward and established his capital as Zhou (now Luoyang, Henan). This period of the Zhou Dynasty is called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou are also called two weeks in history books. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into two periods: the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.

Before the destruction of the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou tribe was invaded by the nomadic tribes in the northwest such as Rong and di. Gu Gongfu, the leader of the Zhou tribe, led the Zhou people to settle down in the plain under the Qishan mountain. Living in the Weihe River Basin, he was canonized as Xibo (that is, the head of the Western Princes) by the great Shang Dynasty. He was one of the main Fangbo in the Shang Dynasty. He took Ji as his surname, and the Zhou people took his surname. "The Zhou Dynasty implemented the system of enfeoffment (the establishment of a state), and the king of Zhou was" the leader of the whole world. ". The Zhou Dynasty inherited the Xia and Shang Dynasties, which was the heyday of the ancient slavery society.

National name

The Zhou people lived in Jishui area in the early days. When Gongliu was the leader of the tribe, the Zhou tribe had already moved to Chen. The clan took Chen as the country, and the country was the city. Since Gongliu, after nine generations of succession, the Zhou people were forced to leave their hometown by the invasion of Xunyu Rong. They went through all kinds of hardships and moved to Zhouyuan in the Weihe River Basin south of Qishan.

history

The origin of Zhou people

The ancestor of the Zhou people is DIHE, the great grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and the son of Yuan imperial concubine Jiang Yuan. In the early Shang Dynasty, Gongliu, a descendant of Houji, moved from Tai to CI. The early Zhou people lived in Wugong area of Shaanxi Province, but by Gongliu, the Zhou tribe had moved to Chen. From farming and herding tribes to farming based cities. Since Gong Liu, he passed on the throne for nine generations. When Gu Gong Yu's father was the leader of the tribe, the Zhou people were forced to move because of the invasion of Xun Yurong. They crossed Qi, Ju and Liang mountains and moved to Zhouyuan, south of Qishan in the Weihe River Basin.

Zhouyuan is rich in products, fertile land, convenient irrigation, superior farming conditions and rapid economic development. His father built fields and buildings, built cities and built cities, and his national strength rapidly recovered and expanded. After moving to Zhouyuan, the Zhou people became the subjects of the great Shang Dynasty, which was dominated by the Yellow River. They were inferior to Wu Yi, the king of the Shang Dynasty. Under the protection of the Shang Dynasty, they gathered strength and accepted the cultural system of the Shang Dynasty, especially the concept of destiny. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, this concept of destiny was sorted out again by Zhou GongDan (Ji Dan), and became the political and legal basis for ruling the world and establishing the country It formed the concept of divine authority which influenced the later dynasties for thousands of years.

At the time of his father, the Zhou tribe had a large scale. And there are three sons who prefer children's seasonal calendar. Taibo, the eldest son, and Zhongyong, the second son, passed on the throne in accordance with their father's will and Jili, fled to jingman by themselves, combined with the local clan, and later became the state of Wu. According to Bamboo Annals and Gu Jiegang, a skeptical school after the Republic of China, the state of Zhou had the idea of "Jianshang", and the establishment of the state of Wu was the result of two strategic directions: the West and the south.

The rise of Zhou people

At the time of Ji Li, the relationship between Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty began to be close. According to the biography of Xiqiang in the later Han Dynasty, the father of ancient Gong Li passed on Ji Li. Ji Li not only married the Shang Dynasty and married the Shang family, but also was granted the title of "priest" by King wending of Shang Dynasty, becoming the most important founder of Shang Dynasty in the West. Therefore, Ji Li is sometimes called Gong Ji in oracle bone inscriptions. Zhou was a powerful and generous state under the Shang Dynasty. Although they were closely related, the Shang Dynasty was always on guard against this new force, and the Zhou and Wu States gradually merged other small countries, especially the pro Shang vassal states. Finally, in order to restrain the development of Zhou power and protect the status of Shang Dynasty from being threatened, King wending killed Ji Li, who was no longer obedient. However, Zhou was still regarded as Xibo. The relationship between Shang Dynasty and Zhou people can refer to the relationship between Zhou Dynasty and Chu people.

After Xibo Jichang succeeded to the throne, his national strength was insufficient to fight against Shang, so Gu continued to submit to Shang and became Xibo of Shang. But Shang Dynasty was not at ease with Zhou Dynasty. Zhou of Shang Dynasty once imprisoned Jichang in kuali, killed his son as broth and forced King Wen to drink it. Zhou people bribed emperor Xin with BMW and beautiful women to release King Wen. After the return of King Wen, he never slackened in his pursuit of business. On the one hand, he strengthened the strength of the Zhou nationality and made some tribes near the state of Zhou subordinate. On the other hand, it carried out military expansion. According to the book of history, the state of Zhou first attacked the western small countries, such as Canrong and MISHU, to strengthen the rear area, then attacked the Qi State (in the southwest of Changzhi, Shanxi Province today), then the Ying State (that is, Meng, in Qinyang, Henan Province today), and finally the Chongguo state, deep into the sphere of influence of the Shang Dynasty. At this time, the state of Zhou had "two thirds of the world", so King Wen moved his capital to Fengdu (now on the West Bank of Fenghe River, Huxian County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), ready to forge ahead with the Shang Dynasty.

Eliminate business and build week

The state of Zhou flourished when King Wen Chang was the leader of the state of Zhou. When King Wen died, his second son Ji Fa ascended to the throne. On the East Bank of the Fenghe River, the two capitals of FengHao were separated by water and connected by a bridge, which was called FengHao city. In the 11th century B.C., Jifa led the Allied forces in Mengjin (now Mengjin, Henan Province). He led 300 chariots, 3000 Huben and 45000 Jiashi to fight against 170000 troops of the Shang Dynasty in Muye (now Jixian, Henan Province). After the victory of the Zhou army, King Zhou was burned by jewels and jades in Lutai. The Shang Dynasty died because the Zhou tribe moved to Zhouyuan at the time of the ancient Gonghe's father. After the King Wu destroyed Yin, he took it as an example“

week

”For the name of the dynasty, Zhou Dynasty.

Regent of Zhou Gong

After King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang Dynasty, he implemented the system of enfeoffment of princes in 1045 B.C. and granted great titles to the royal family and meritorious officials, such as Duke Wang in Qi and Duke Zhao in Yan. In addition, he granted Wu Geng, the son of emperor Xin, to Chaoge, and appointed Shu Xian, Shu Du and Shu Chu as "three supervisors" to monitor Wu Geng's actions. In 1043 B.C., King Wu of Zhou collapsed and Zi Sheng ascended the throne. He was king Cheng of Zhou, assisted by Duke Dan of Zhou. In 1041 BC, the three supervisors (CAI Shudu, Guan Shuxian and Huo Shuchu) were disgusted with Zhou GongDan's assistant politics, and Guan Shuxian resented Zhou GongDan for being younger than himself, but he was in charge of the assistant politics, so he united with Wu Geng to revolt, which was known as "the rebellion of the three supervisors". Zhou GongDan calmed down the rebellion, Wu Geng and Guan Shuxian were killed, Cai Shudu was exiled, and Huo Shuchu was abandoned as a common people. Zhou GongDan felt that it was difficult to control the Central Plains, so he continued to build Luoyi, the new capital of Luoyang basin, in accordance with the will of King Wu. It was for the purpose of forming Zhou Dynasty, which was based on the idea of Zhou Dao. He also built a royal city to rule the princes.

The rule of Chengkang

In 1021 BC, King Cheng of Zhou collapsed, and his son Ji Zhao ascended the throne as king Kang of Zhou. In 996 BC, King Kang of Zhou collapsed. From 1042 B.C. to 996 B.C., the world was peaceful, and the punishment was not used for more than 40 years. The Duke of Zhou returned to the government of King Cheng of Zhou, and the Zhou Dynasty entered a period of consolidation.

After the death of King Kang of Zhou, his son Jixia succeeded to the throne as king Zhao of Zhou. In the 16th year of King Zhao of Zhou Dynasty, King Zhao personally conquered Jingchu. The southern Zhen state, Zeng state, e state and other Vassal States sent troops to the south of Jianghan. There were three expeditions to the south. The last time, when King Zhao of Zhou returned his division to the Han River, he drowned in a natural disaster and the three armies were annihilated. Jiman, his son, succeeded to the throne as King Mu of Zhou. He was fifty years old when he succeeded to the throne. King Mu developed in all directions, conquering Hourong in the West and Jingchu in the south. But it was easy to March, so that the government relaxed. When King Mu of Zhou traveled to the west, Xu of the East led the nine barbarians to rebel against Zhou. King Mu of Zhou marched to the East, and the eastern Qi, Lu, and other Vassal States sent troops to fight against Zhou. During the reign of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, the territory of the Dynasty continued to expand, which effectively consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

One view is that King Mu of Zhou moved his capital to Nanzheng (Zheng county) at that time, which is controversial.

From prosperity to decline

After the Zhaomu era, the strength of the Zhou Dynasty gradually declined. During this period, Rongdi in the northwest gradually flourished. During the reign of King Yi of Zhou Dynasty, Rong and di invaded and oppressed China. Zhou people suffered a lot and moved their capital to gouqiu (Xianyang, Shaanxi).

During the reign of King li of Zhou Dynasty, the people suffered from years of war. At the same time, King li of Zhou monopolized the wealth and resources of the society by taking Rongyi as his official. In order to suppress the discontent of the people, King li of Zhou ordered the witches to watch and kill those who slandered the king. As a result, people were in danger, and finally led to riots. In the first 841 years, the riots broke out in the Zhou Dynasty, and Li ran to * (now Shanxi Huo county). The court was administrated by two ministers, Zhaomu Gonghu and zhouding Gonghu, and was named Gonghe.

In the fourteen years of the Republic (828 BC), the king died in *, and the prince was still in power. He was king of Xuan for forty-six years. King Xuan moved his capital to Haojing, made great efforts to govern the country, had a good command of government and people, and the princes came to court. King Xuan of Zhou has successively pacified the rebellions of Yuyu in the north, Rongdi in the west, Huaiyi in the East and Chu in the south. He has opened up a vast territory and reappeared the prosperous scene, which is known as "King Xuan's resurgence". In his later years, King Xuan interfered in the succession of the monarchy of Lu and established the Duke of filial piety with great force, which caused the displeasure of the princes. Thirty six years later, he conquered tiaoyong and benrong, and was defeated. In the 39th year, Jiang's army was defeated again.

The disaster of dog soldiers

In 781 BC, king you of the Zhou Dynasty succeeded to the throne and favored Baosi. In 779 BC, the third year of king you failed to defeat Liuji. At the same time, natural disasters continued frequently. The king abandoned the empress Shen's daughter and Prince Yijiu, and replaced Baosi with the empress, and his son Bofu as the prince. Yi Jiu fled to the state of Shen, and the Marquis of Shen sought justice for his niece. He united with the state of ZA and dog Rong to invade the capital of Ho (now Xi'an, Shaanxi). Zhou you

Chinese PinYin : Ji Zhou