kong ming

Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang (181-234, October 8), with the name of Kongming and the name of Wolong, was born in the Yangdu city of Langya (now Yinan County, Shandong Province). He was the Prime Minister of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and an outstanding statesman, militarist, writer and inventor in ancient China.

Zhuge Liang went to Jingzhou with his uncle Zhuge Xuan in his early years. After Zhuge Xuan died, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong. Later, Liu Bei went to Maolu and invited Zhuge Liang to unite with Soochow Sun Quan to defeat Cao Jun in the battle of Chibi. The Three Kingdoms formed a balance and occupied Jingzhou. In the 19th year of Jian'an (214), Yizhou was conquered. Then he defeated Cao Jun and won Hanzhong. In the first year of Zhangwu (221), Liu Bei established the Shuhan regime in Chengdu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister to preside over the government. After Liu Chan's succession, Zhuge Liang was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou. He is diligent and prudent, and must deal with all political affairs personally, with strict rewards and punishments; he and the Soochow alliance should improve their relations with all ethnic groups in Southwest China; he implemented the policy of garrison and strengthened the war preparedness. Before and after the five northern expeditions to the Central Plains, most of them did nothing with grain. In 234, he died in wuzhangyuan (now in Qishan, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province). He was 54 years old. Liu Chan's posthumous title is loyal to Marquis Wu, and later generations often regard him as Marquis Wu. Huanwen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty made him king of Wuxing.

Zhuge Liang's representative prose works include chushibiao, jiezishu, etc. He invented Mu Niu Liu Ma, Kong Ming Deng and so on, and reformed the crossbow, which is called Zhuge crossbow. Zhuge Liang is a representative of loyal officials and wise people in traditional Chinese culture.

Overview photo source: Chinese Martyrs' Shrine.

Life of the characters

Ploughing Longmu

Zhuge Liang was born in 181, the fourth year of Guanghe reign of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, in Yangdu County, Langya county. Zhuge's family is a famous family of Langya. Zhuge Feng, the forefather of Zhuge Liang, once served as a commander of Sili during the reign of emperor yuan of Western Han Dynasty, and Zhuge Li, the father of Zhuge Liang, once served as a magistrate of Taishan county at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty. At the age of 3, Zhuge Xuanliang and Zhuge Xuanzhang went to Zhuyu city to replace Zhuge's mother.

In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died. Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong. He liked to recite "Liang Fu Yin" and often compared himself with Guan Zhong and Yue Yi. At that time, people despised him. Only his good friends Xu Shu and Cui Zhou believed in his ability.

Longzhong strategy

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > look at the thatched cottage three times < / sub > < sub >, < / sub > < sub > Longzhong decision making < / sub >

In the sixth year of Jian'an (201), Liu Bei was defeated by Cao Cao and went to Jingzhou. At the same time, he actively contacted local heroes. At that time, Liu Bei attached himself to Liu Biao and stationed his troops in Xinye (now Nanyang, Henan Province). Later, when Sima Hui met with Liu Bei, he said: "those Confucian scholars are people with superficial knowledge. How can they understand the current situation? It is a hero to know the current situation. At this time, only Wolong (Zhuge Liang) and Fengchao (Pang Tong) were present. " In 207, Zhuge Liang was recommended by Xu Shu. Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would lead him to see him, but Xu Shu suggested: "this man can go to see him, and he can't be condescended to come here. The general should condescend to visit each other. " Liu Bei went to visit Zhuge Liang in person and saw him many times. After meeting Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei asked others to avoid him and asked him, "now the Han Dynasty is declining, and the emperor has lost his power under the guise of the emperor's orders. I didn't measure my virtue and ability. I wanted to promote justice and revive the world, but I didn't have enough wisdom and strategy, so I often failed until today. But my ambition has not been subdued. Does your husband have a plan to help me

Zhuge Liang then told him his plan to divide the world into three parts. Zhuge Liang analyzed: "since Dong Zhuo was good at politics, heroes from all over the country have joined hands and occupied countless counties. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao had little reputation. However, the reason why Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in the end was that he not only relied on the timing, but also the proper planning of people. Now that Cao Cao has a million troops, he can't compete with him. Sun Quan has occupied Jiangdong for three generations. The terrain is dangerous, the people are attached to him, and he has appointed talented people. He can only be used as foreign aid, but he can't be sought. Jingzhou is close to the Han and Mian rivers in the north, and supplies are available all the way to the South China Sea. In the East, it is connected with Wujun and Kuaiji counties, and in the west, it is connected with Bajun and Shujun counties. This is the place that everyone has to fight for, but its owners are not able to keep it. Yizhou is located in a dangerous terrain with vast and fertile land and superior natural conditions. Gaozu established the imperial industry with it. Liu Zhang was fatuous and cowardly, and Zhang Lu occupied Hanzhong in the north. The people were rich and rich, but Liu Zhang didn't know how to cherish them. Talented people were eager for a wise monarch. The general is the patriarch of the Han Dynasty. He is famous all over the world for his high reputation. He is a hero and yearns for talents. If he can occupy Jingzhou and Yizhou, keep the dangerous places, make peace with the ethnic groups in the west, appease the ethnic minorities in the south, unite with Sun Quan and reform politics at home. Once the situation in the world changes, he will send a general to lead the army of Jingzhou The army directly points to the Central Plains. General, you personally lead the army of Yizhou to attack from Qinchuan. Who dares to welcome general you with food in bamboo baskets and wine in pots? If we can really do this, then the cause of hegemony will be successful, and the Hanshi world will be revived. "

This article is called "Longzhong Dui" by later generations. After listening to Liu Bei's praise, he strongly invited Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain to help him, so Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain to the curtain. Liu Bei often talked with him, and his relationship became increasingly close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were upset. Liu Bei explained to them, "when I have Kong Ming, it's like a fish getting water. I hope you don't talk about it any more." Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stopped complaining. Long Zhong Dui proposed by Zhuge Liang was the basic national policy of Liu Bei and Shu Han in the following decades. Zhuge Liang was 27 years old.

fledgling

In 208, Liu Biao's eldest son Liu Qi attached great importance to Zhuge Liang. Liu Biao's wife, Liu Qi's stepmother, Cai, has been slandered repeatedly. Liu Biao dotes on Liu Cong, his youngest son, and is gradually unhappy with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang for advice on self safety several times, but Zhuge Liang often refused to plan for it. Liu Qi then asked Zhuge Liang to come up with a solution when he was having a banquet. Liu Qi said to Zhuge Liang, "now we can't reach the sky up and the ground down, just the two of us. The words come from you and come into my ears. No one knows. Can we speak now?" Zhuge Liang said to Liu Qi helplessly, "can't you see that Shen Sheng led to disaster at home and Chong Er fled abroad to survive in history?" Liu Qi realized that Zhuge Liang asked him to go out to protect himself. At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Soochow, and Liu Qi was recommended as the governor of Jiangxia to protect himself.

In August of the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Liu Biao died of illness and his second son, Liu Cong, succeeded him. At that time, Cao Cao, who was named as the Prime Minister of Han Dynasty, led 200000 troops to Jingchu after unifying the north. Hearing the news of Cao Cao's going south, he sent envoys to surrender. Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei to attack Liu Cong in time and seize the opportunity to occupy Jingzhou. After Liu Bei knew that Cao Cao's army was going south in Fancheng, he led the army and the people to flee south. Cao's army overtook and defeated Liu's army in changban, Dangyang.

In the same year, Liu Bei lost Xiakou. Before Sun Quan sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chaisang as a lobbyist and made friends with Lu su.

Chibi battle of wits

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > battle of Chibi

After Liu Bei led his troops to Xiakou (now Hankou, Hubei Province), Zhuge Liang said, "the situation is urgent now. I ask to go to Jiangdong in person to ask Sun Quan for help." At that time, Sun Quan led the army to stay in Chaisang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province) to watch the development of the situation. After arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation for Sun Quan: "there was a great chaos in the sea. The general took over Jiangdong, and Liu Yuzhou also gathered his troops in the south of the Han River, intending to compete with Cao Cao for the world. Today, Cao Cao calmed down other forces and basically occupied the north. Now he went south to conquer Jingzhou, which has a great influence all over the world. The hero had nothing to use, so Liu Yuzhou fled here.

Then, Zhuge Liang first used the dichotomy to give Sun Quan two choices: "if you can compete with the Central Plains with the military strength of Wu and Yue, it's better to break off diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as soon as possible"; the other choice was to urge generals to "if you think you can't resist it, why don't you stop military action and claim allegiance to the north?" Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei did not surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's status, saying that Liu Bei had integrity and would never surrender, in order to show Sun Quan Liu Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei still had to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that there were ten thousand soldiers returned from our army and Guan Yu's water army, and Liu Qifan's soldiers in Jiangxia were no less than ten thousand. Then he said that Cao Jun was tired from afar, and when he chased Liu Bei, he used light riding for more than three hundred miles a day and a night, which was "the end of a strong crossbow, the power can't wear Lu Yi". Moreover, the northerners didn't learn water warfare, and Jingzhou people were forced to obey Cao Cao, Finally, he said with certainty that Cao Cao would be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy. Later, he was lobbied by Lu Su and Zhou Yu. He decided to unite Liu to fight Cao Cao, and sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others to lead 30000 water troops to fight Cao Cao.

Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army; in November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by sun Liu's allied forces in Chibi, and Cao Cao's army suffered great losses

Chinese PinYin : Kong Ming