Wang Guowei

Wang Guowei

Wang Guowei (December 3, 1877 - June 2, 1927) was named Guozhen at the beginning, Jing'an at the beginning and Boyu at the end. He was named auditorium at the beginning, Guantang at the end and Yongguan at the end. The Han nationality is from Haining, Zhejiang Province. Wang Guowei is a famous scholar with international reputation at the intersection of modern and contemporary China.

In his early years, Wang Guowei pursued new learning, accepted the influence of bourgeois reformism, integrated Western philosophy and aesthetics with Chinese classical philosophy and aesthetics, studied philosophy and aesthetics, and formed a unique aesthetic ideological system. He then studied Ci, Qu and drama, and then studied history, ancient philology and archaeology. Guo Moruo called him the beginning of new historiography. More than that, he had no professional teacher in his life. He had made outstanding achievements and made outstanding contributions. He had profound attainments and innovations in education, philosophy, literature, drama, aesthetics, history, ancient literature, etc., leaving a profound academic heritage for the treasure house of Chinese culture. On June 2, 1927, Wang Guowei sank in the yuzaoxuan of Kunming Lake in the summer palace.

(Photo by Wang Guowei)

Life of the characters

Early experience

On December 3, 1877 (October 29, the third year of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty), Wang Guowei was born in Haining, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Wang's family has a long history of scholarly learning, and his Haining style has a profound influence on Wang Guowei's growth and life. Wang naiyu, Wang Guowei's father, was the grandson of the 32nd Prince of Anhua in Song Dynasty. Wang's family has long been respected by the local people in Haining for their resistance to the famous general Wang Chen of Jin Dynasty and Wang hang, who was granted the title of the former Marquis and the second salt official.

He spent his childhood and adolescence mainly in his hometown of Haining before he was born and went to Shanghai to study in agricultural society and Dongwen society in 1899. When he was four years old, his mother, Mrs. Ling, died. His life with his sister, Yunyu, was mainly taken care of by his grandparents, while his reading life was mainly influenced by his father, Wang naiyu. Wang naiyu specializes in calligraphy and painting, seal cutting and ancient poetry. He is rich in many talents. He has eight volumes of travel catalogue, one volume of ancient money examination and other manuscripts, and several volumes of poems and paintings. Wang Guowei lives in a family full of cultural accomplishment. He is smart and studious since childhood.

In 1883, when he was seven years old, he began to study in a neighboring school under the guidance of Pan Zigui (shouchang) and Chen Shoutian. He received the enlightenment education of the teachers and read extensively under the guidance of his father Wang naiyu. He was involved in many fields of traditional culture, and initially came into contact with modern advanced scientific and cultural knowledge and reform ideas, gradually forming his ambition and interest in reading.

In 1886, Wang Guowei's family moved to zhoujiadou's new house in the southwest corner of the city, which later became the memorial of Wang Guowei's former residence.

In July 1892, he entered the state school, took part in the Haining state year-old examination, and became the 21st middle school scholar. Together with Chen Shouqian, ye Yichun and Zhu Jiayou, they are known as the "four talents of Haining".

The road to study

In 1892, Wang Guowei went to Hangzhou to study, and his name was more than sixty. In the same year, he went to hang Ying Fu to try, but he failed. In 1893, he went to Hangzhou to take the exam, but in 1894, he went to Hangzhou to be admitted to Chongwen Academy. Since he was admitted to the state school, he did not use the main energy to prepare for the exam, but from extensive reading, he became interested in history, collation, textual research and new learning. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894, a large number of western culture and science were imported to China. Wang Guowei came into contact with new culture and ideas, and had a strong desire to pursue new learning. Although his family was poor and he could not afford to study abroad, he was still concerned about current affairs and studied foreign political books, the prosperous age of perils, the current affairs daily, the collection of Ge Zhi, etc. in 1897, when he was a private school teacher in Chen Mei Su's family in Tongyi, he was very uneasy to be a tutor in his hometown. His father invited people to recommend schools to study abroad for him.

In November 1895, Wang Guowei married the Mo family.

At the end of 1897, Wang Guowei and his fellow countryman Zhang Yingfu tried to set up Haining normal school, and presented the reason for fund-raising, but failed.

In the first month of 1898, accompanied by his father Wang naiyu, Wang Guowei embarked on the voyage of studying in Shanghai. He arrived in Shanghai by water and entered the current affairs newspaper Museum. In February, he joined the East Literature Society run by Luo Zhenyu. At that time, he studied with ouqia, a Weixin school member, in Shiwubao. He studied with Japanese teachers Fujita Bafeng and sigang zodaiji in Dongwen society. Besides learning Japanese, he also studied English and mathematics. During the reform movement of 1898 in this year, six gentlemen were killed. Wang Guowei felt deeply aggrieved, and "had the feeling of strangling his wrist and chest, scratching his head and asking the sky" (according to Wang naiyu's Diary).

In the spring of 1900, Wang Guowei went to Tokyo physics school in December 1900 with the support of Luo Zhenyu and the help of Fujita and Tagang, two Japanese teachers, in order to take the overseas examination and arrange to study in Japan. Due to illness, he returned from Tokyo to Shanghai on April 26 of the next lunar calendar and returned home to recuperate in May. After August, he went to Wuchang agricultural school as an interpreter. Wang Guowei's compiling work began when Wang was in the East Literature Society. After studying in Japan, he published a large number of translated works in education world, which was run by Luo Zhenyu. Then he became the main writer and acting editor of the journal. Through compiling and his own discussion, he introduced a large number of modern western scholars and foreign advanced ideas in science, philosophy, pedagogy, aesthetics, literature and other fields. In 1903, he was employed by Mr. Zhang Jian to teach in Tongzhou normal school (now Nantong normal school). Teaching ethics and Chinese (April December). During this period, he was absorbed in philosophy and literature, and "was clearly a writer" (Guo Moruo's language). According to Wang Guowei's posthumous note, the poems and essays written during the period of Yu Tong include duanju and ridicule cuckoo. On the night of May 15, I sit here in the rain, I visit the pavilion in the middle of Lake in Tongzhou, I just do it in autumn, I have two songs by chance, I have two songs to fly, I have two songs to fly, I have two songs to come, I have two songs to climb the Zhiyun tower of Langshan, I have two songs to praise the image of Han De, etc. After many years, he is still a general teacher. The magazine of Nantong Normal University Alumni Association is specially allowed to publish "a study of human hobbies" (Journal of Nantong Normal University Alumni Association No.2, April of the first year of the Republic of China) and "on the bounden duty of philosophers and artists" (Journal of Nantong Normal University Alumni Association No.4, September of the third year of the Republic of China). He went to Shanghai in 1898 (at the age of 22) and to 1906 (at the age of 30). In addition to studying in Dongwen society and Japan, he also taught in Nantong normal school and Jiangsu normal school. At this time, he focused on philosophy, studied Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche's philosophy, combined with English and French schools, combined with pre Qin scholars and Song Dynasty's Neo Confucianism, and also studied western ethics, psychology, aesthetics, logic and education. His translation of psychology and logic classics has made great contributions. He claimed that this period was the "independent learning" period of "learning all over the world". His representative works include comments on a dream of Red Mansions, Jing'an's poetry manuscript and human CI. In addition, Wang Guowei served as the general affairs department of the Ministry of education and the compiler of the Bureau of Book Compilation of the Ministry of education. After thirty, he turned to literature. For the first time, he comprehensively introduced Tolstoy, the Russian writer, and introduced and compared Shakespeare, Dante and Goethe. He also introduced Tolstoy's famous works such as war and peace, Anna Karenina and resurrection, and British Romantic poet Byron in the 19th century. At the same time, Wang Guowei also studied aesthetics and ci poetry, wrote the famous human CI Hua, studied the history of Chinese opera, and wrote many works such as Qu Lu, which laid the foundation for the completion of Song Yuan Opera Kao.

In January and February 1908, Mrs. Wang Guowei died of illness and returned home. In March, he married his stepwife, Mrs. pan. In April, they returned to Beijing with their families and rented a house in xinlianzi Hutong, Xuanwumen.

Living abroad in Japan

After the 1911 Revolution, the Qing government disintegrated. Wang Guowei and his family went to Japan with Luo Zhenyu and lived abroad for more than four years. With the help of Luo Zhenyu, he had the opportunity to calm down and study. His research direction turned to classics, history and primary school. He and Luo Zhenyu's family, neighbors, usually exchange views with each other, back and forth on learning, assist Luo to sort out the books in Dayun library, get a glimpse of his Yi ware and other stone rubbings, and widely communicate with Japanese scholars. His treatment of oracle bone inscriptions began at this time. Because he is specialized in the study of newly discovered historical materials, and can study ancient history on the basis of ancient philology, he covers a wide range of works from ancient artifacts to ancient books, clothing and architecture. In addition, there is also a major breakthrough in the study of opera. The book "song and Yuan Opera Research" is known as "a great work with summary in the study of opera history". During his stay in Japan, Wang Guowei felt the turbulence of the current situation and the fall of the Qing Dynasty. Combined with his life experience, some poems came out and compiled a collection of poems Rengui. During this period, his life was quite stable, and his academic achievements were even greater. He said that "life was the simplest, but learning changed a lot. The number of completed books is the highest in one's life. " Because of his livelihood, his fellow countryman Zou an invited him back to Shanghai to write academic series magazine for British Hutong. He didn't want to be tired of his family life any more, so he returned to China in 1916. He is the director of academic series of guangcang Xueqian in hatong and the professor of cangsheng Zhizhi University. He mainly engaged in the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the history of Shang and Zhou dynasties, and made great achievements. He once participated in the compilation and copying of Zhejiang Tongzhi, and compiled Wu Cheng Jiang's Miyun Lou collection for Jiang rucao, a famous book collector in Jiangnan. And the important research achievements since 1911 were compiled into guantangjilin, including eight volumes of Yilin, ten volumes of Shilin and two volumes of ZA Lin, which had a great influence on later generations.

Talking about students' career

At the beginning of 1921, Ma Heng, entrusted by Peking University, invited Wang Guowei to be professor of liberal arts at Peking University again, which he refused.

At the beginning of 1922, Wang Guowei was appointed to the north

Chinese PinYin : Wang Guo Wei