Kant

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (German: Immanuel Kant, April 22, 1724-february 12, 1804), born and died in konisburg, Germany, is a Latvian German philosopher and writer, and the founder of German classical philosophy. His theory deeply influenced modern western philosophy, and opened many schools of German classical philosophy and Kantism. Kant is the last major philosopher in the period of enlightenment and the representative of German ideological circles. He reconciled Rene Descartes' rationalism with Francis Bacon's empiricism. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the west after Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

Kant graduated from the University of Gothenburg. He began to teach in his alma mater in 1755, which was the "pre critical period" of his thought. He devoted himself to natural science research, taught many subjects, and published many works on natural science. He was employed as a professor in 1770, and his thought turned into "post critical period". Since 1781. He has finished three works: Critique of pure reason, critique of practical reason and critique of judgment. This marked the birth of his critical philosophy system and brought about a philosophical revolution. In 1793, because of some viewpoints, he was accused of contempt for Christian doctrine and encountered some troubles. But he continued to explore and write until his death on February 12, 1804.

Life of the characters

On April 22, 1724, Immanuel Kant was born in konisburg. On September 24, 1740, Kant was admitted to the University of Konigsberg.

In 1746, on the correct evaluation of vitality went to press. The book was published in 1749. In 1747, Kant worked as a teacher in the pastor's house of andersch (in the village of youdeshao near gumbinian).

In 1750, he worked as a teacher at the major's house (in the village of arnsdorf, near osderro). In 1753, he worked as a teacher in Earl Catherine's house (in the gillside District of laudenburg).

In 1754, he returned to konigsburg and published "a study of a problem: has the earth ever changed due to its rotation around its axis" in June; and "a question on examining whether the earth has aged from a physical point of view" in August.

In March 1755, the general history of nature and the theory of celestial bodies was published; on April 17, the dissertation was put forward; on May 13, the doctoral degree examination was held; on June 12, the doctoral degree was obtained.

From January to April in 1756, he wrote two articles and a book on Lisbon earthquake, and on April 10, he made a cultural defense for the post of professor.

In February 1766, Kant was appointed deputy curator of gongjiajing library and published the visions of the visionary.

In 1769, he was employed as a professor by the University of Erlangen. In January 1770, he was employed by Jena University, and on March 3, he was appointed professor of logic and metaphysics in the University of Konigsberg. On August 21, he defended his dissertation on the form and principle of sense and reason.

In 1771, he commented on Moscati's works. On February 21, 1772, he wrote to Hertz about the idea of writing critique of pure reason.

In May 1772, Kant resigned as deputy librarian. In 1778, Minister zetrix persuaded Kant to transfer him to the University of Halle.

In 1780, Kant became a member of the Council of the University of Konigsberg. In May 1781, critique of pure reason came out. In 1783, he wrote an introduction to Future Metaphysics and commented on Schultz's introduction to morality.

In 1784, Kant bought a private house and wrote ideas for a general history of the world. In December, he wrote questions and answers: what is the enlightenment.

In the summer of 1786, Kant was elected president of the University; on December 7, Kant was elected academician of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.

In June 1787, the second edition of critique of pure reason was published, and on December 31, he wrote to laiyuanholder to explain the ternary structure of philosophical system.

In the spring of January 1788, critique of practical reason was published; in summer, Kant attended the school affairs meeting for the second time.

In 1789, kalamkin visited Kant. In 1790, criticism of critical power was published; the third edition of critique of pure reason was published.

In August 1791, Fichte came to Konigsberg to get to know Kant. In May 1794, he wrote on the influence of the moon on the climate; in June, on the end of all things. On July 28, Kant was elected as an academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. On October 12, Kant was reprimanded by the king for expressing his opinions on religious issues.

In 1795, permanent and review was published. In 1796, he wrote on the organs of the soul. On June 23, Kant gave his last lecture.

In 1797, moral metaphysics was published; on June 14, the university students in konigsburg commemorated the 50th anniversary of Kant's academic activities; in July, the announcement about the prompt signing of a permanent peace treaty in philosophy; in September, on the false power to lie out of altruistic motives.

On April 4, 1798, Kant was elected academician of the Sien (Italy) Academy of Sciences. In August 1799, the statement on Fichte's epistemology was published.

In 1800, the postscript of the German Lithuanian dictionary, the last work published separately, and in September, yesche published Kant's logic.

On November 14, 1801, Kant asked to be removed from his position as a member of the Council of the Academy of Sciences. In 1802, link published Kant's physical geography. In 1803, link published Kant's on education; on December 15, he wrote his last diary.

Kant died on February 12, 1804, and was buried on February 28.

Personal life

Kant's life is calm and unchangeable on the surface. This is related to Kant's weak body. He is short, weak and sickly. His body is a little deformed. One shoulder is higher than the other. Because he is conscious of this, in order to keep healthy, he abides by his own life rules and sets a clear goal for himself. Through this kind of effort, he can live to the old age healthily, and finally basically achieve his life goal. Kant strictly lived a very regular life, which was recorded in the letters and reports of his contemporaries. He always gets up at five and goes to work immediately. From seven to nine, he lectured in the University. From nine o'clock to one o'clock in the afternoon, this is his main working time for personal research. Most of his scientific works are completed during this period. Then there was lunch time, when Kant almost always had guests with him. He preferred to receive ordinary citizens rather than scholars. Lunch is used to completely relax themselves, often lasting for several hours, during the dinner will talk about a variety of topics. Then there is the walk, also according to the exact time, but also very regular. After the walk, he went back to work and went to bed at ten o'clock in the evening.

Main works

Main ideas

Philosophy

The universal inevitability of knowledge

Kant's philosophy starts from the universal inevitability of knowledge. The difference is that he does not doubt the existence of the principle of universal inevitability. What he thinks he should do is to seek the possible conditions for the existing scientific knowledge, and delimit the scope of scientific knowledge, so as to lay a solid foundation for science again. In order to illustrate this point, Kant advocated "harmonizing" empiricism and rationalism. On the one hand, he agrees with empiricism, that is, all knowledge of human beings is experiential knowledge, and there is no knowledge without experience. On the other hand, he also agrees with the criticism of empiricism by rationalism: for scientific knowledge, only experience is not enough, and their universal inevitability can only be innate. His question is: how does knowledge from experience acquire universal inevitability. Kant analyzed the structure of the world's existing knowledge. He believes that, according to time sequence, the world has no knowledge before experience, and all knowledge of the world starts from experience, but it can not be said that all knowledge comes from experience, because there is already a component of innate knowledge in experience, otherwise experience itself can not be formed. Obviously, Kant thinks that the knowledge of universal necessity is composed of the experience of the world and the cognitive ability of the world.

Epistemology of critical philosophy

The analysis of human cognitive ability itself has entered the field of epistemology, because the analysis itself is a kind of cognition. The general problem of Kant's epistemology in the critique of pure reason is: how is the congenital comprehensive judgment possible. In his view, all knowledge is based on judgment, because a single representation or concept does not matter true or false. Only when two representations or concepts are connected to form a judgment (such as "this flower is red"), can there be a problem of true or false, and knowledge be formed. Judgment can be divided into two categories: one is analytical judgment, the other is comprehensive judgment. The so-called "analytical judgment" refers to such a kind of judgment that the object of judgment is originally contained in the subject. In fact, it is to explain what is already contained in the subject, such as "triangle has three angles". Obviously, this kind of judgment has universal inevitability, but because the object only explains the subject and does not add knowledge, it is not knowledge in the strict sense. The so-called "comprehensive judgment" refers to the judgment that the object is not included in the subject, but is later added to the subject through experience, such as "the object has weight". Obviously, this kind of judgment can be extended

Chinese PinYin : Kang De