Luther

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (1483-1546), the founder of Protestant church and German reformer, was the founder of European religious reform movement in the 16th century. He studied law at ELFORD University, joined Augustine society to study theology in 1505, and became a priest in 1507. After receiving a doctorate in theology in 1512, he became a professor of Theology at Wittenberg University. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses against the sale of atonement certificates by the Vatican, which opened the prelude of religious reform. In theology, he emphasized justification by faith and claimed that people could read the Bible directly to obtain enlightenment. It is advocated to hold religious ceremonies in national languages, translate the Bible into German, and use the authority of the Bible against the authority of the Pope.

Character experience

Luther was born in 1483 in eisleben, Germany. He studied in Mansfield, Magdeburg, essennach and other places successively. He entered the University of Leipzig in 1501, received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in the next year, and a master's degree in 1505. He devoted himself to the study of scholastic philosophy. In May 1505, he entered the Law School of ELFORD University, preparing to work as a lawyer. In July of the same year, he entered the hermit of the order of Alford Austin and became a hermit. In 1507, he was ordained as a priest. In 1508, he was employed as a lecturer by the University of wittenburg. After receiving a doctorate in theology in 1512, he gave a permanent lecture on Biblical Studies at wittenburg University and concurrently took charge of church work.

Around 1517, Pope Leo x sent John Tetzel to all parts of Germany to sell atonement certificates to collect money. Many princes and citizens were very dissatisfied with this. As a result, on October 31, 1517 (some say November 1), Luther posted "ninety five theses" on the gate of wittenburg Castle Cathedral in the form of academic debate, which was supported by all walks of life and angered the Holy See. In August 1518, Luther was ordered to go to Rome for trial. The following year, Luther published "open letter to German Christian nobles on the reform of church privilege system", "on Babylonian prisoners of the church" and "on Christian freedom" and other articles. He openly pointed out that the pope had no right to interfere with secular regime, claimed that if the church could not carry out its own reform, the state power should be saved, and called the Roman Church "fighting against the Holy Church and the Holy Church" Peter's flag is the greatest thief and robber in the world. He also made it clear that the Pope is not the ultimate interpreter of the Bible, and that all believers can communicate directly with God and become priests without the need for a priest as an intermediary.

Leo x announced his expulsion from Lutheranism in October 1520. With the support of the princes and the citizens, Luther decided to fight openly, wrote the encyclopedia against the antichrists, and burned the encyclopedia and some dogmas in public on December 10. At that time, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in order to compete with France in politics, hoped to get the support of the Pope and opposed Luther's reform. So in 1521, the imperial conference decided to execute the Pope's encyclical and sentenced Luther. However, due to the opposition of the princes and Luther's tough attitude during the trial, the meeting finally decided to let Luther go first, and then sentenced him and issued an arrest warrant. On his way home, the Elector of Saxony sent Luther to Fort watter to protect him by means of robbery and kidnapping. During his seclusion in watburg, Luther devoted himself to the German translation of the Bible. By this time, Luther's supporters had already taken action, and the religious reform movement was developing rapidly.

In March 1522, Luther returned from watburg to wittenburg, accusing the supporters of action of "going too far.". In his sermon, he declared that "we are against violence to reform the church." In the same year, some middle and small nobles who supported Luther launched an uprising led by the humanist poet Hu den and knight jekingen. When huden invited Luther to meet with kekingen, Luther replied, "I don't want to defend the gospel by violence and bloodshed." During the Marburg talks in 1529, Luther rejected the proposal of internal reconciliation and United confrontation with the Vatican proposed by all parties, including Zwingli, and split with the Swiss reformists.

Theoretical achievements

Luther was one of the main founders of Protestant faith and system. Since the first Wittenberg hymn came out in 1524, many of his hymns are still famous in the world. In 1529, he wrote the question and answer of the doctrines, and in 1530, he participated in the formulation of the ogsburg creed. He began his biblical translation and revision work in watburg, and never dropped out in more than 20 years. This work is not only of great significance for religious reform, but also an important milestone in the history of German language and literature. On the issue of sacraments, in 1520, he only recognized baptism and communion, two of the seven sacraments recognized by the traditional church. Later, Luther's views on this aspect also tended to be conservative, mainly reflected in the etiquette reform he presided over and still retained some ancient traditions.

Luther's main theological views can be summarized as follows: 1. The way of God. 2. Cross theology. 3. Gospel and law. 4. Church and sacrament. 5. Two countries.

Chinese PinYin : Lu De