Shangshu

Shangshu

Shangshu

The earliest title of the book is

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book

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It is a collection of ancient works. It is divided into Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shang Shu and Zhou Shu. Because it is one of the five Confucian classics, also known as the book of songs. Shangshu, the current edition of thirteen classics annotation, is a combined edition of Jinwen Shangshu and Guwen Shangshu. The existing versions are mixed.

Fu Sheng, a scholar of the Western Han Dynasty, orally wrote 28 Shangshu, which is the modern Shangshu. When King Lu Gong demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence, he found another Shangshu, which is the ancient Shangshu. In Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, the ancient and modern Shangshu were all lost. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the internal history of Yuzhang presented a Book of history to the imperial court, including 33 pieces of modern history and 25 pieces of fake ancient history.

Shangshu is one of the important core Confucian classics. It is the basic book of Confucian study in the past dynasties. Shangshu is the ancient book, which is the earliest collection of historical documents in China. The traditional Shangshu (also known as Jinwen Shangshu) is handed down from Fusheng. Legend is a legacy of the ancient culture Sanfen wudian.

interpretation

Shangshu, also known as Shu and Shujing, is the first collection of ancient historical documents and some works tracing ancient deeds in China. Shang Shu is divided into Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shang Shu and Zhou Shu. In the Warring States period, it was generally called "Shu", and in the Han Dynasty, it was renamed "Shangshu", namely "ancient book". Because it is one of the five Confucian classics, also known as the book of songs. The existing versions are mixed.

There are three ways to explain Shangshu: one is that Shangshu means "ancient times" and "Shangshu" means "ancient books"; another is that Shangshu means "respect" and "Shangshu" means "people's respect"; another is that Shangshu means "JunShang" (that is, Junwang) ", because the inner meaning of this book is that" Shangshu "means" King " Most of Rong's remarks are recorded by his subordinates, so they are called Shangshu.

The original meaning of "Shangshu" refers to the compilation of ancient Chinese royal archives. "Shang" means "unfolding and flattening things rolled, wrapped and stacked"; "Shu" means words, written records and documents; "Shang Shu" means "declassified royal documents" and "public royal archives".

Liu Qichen's history of Shangshu studies believes that Shangshu as the title of the book is a matter of Han Dynasty.

"Shangshu Zhengyi" says that Zheng Xuan "according to the book, the word" Shang "was added by Confucius." In the chapter of "Yao" in Mawangdui silk book, Confucius called "Shu" Shangshu. "It is Confucius who called Shangshu in yaopian, so Shujing and Zheng xuanzhi are not without origin. We didn't know that before. "

Shangshu, as a historical book, has always been regarded as the earliest collection of prose in China by literary historians. It is a stylistic category juxtaposed with the book of songs. At that time, most of the official documents belonged to the standard of the ancient government, but they should be dealt with accurately. Mr. Li Xueqin pointed out: "Shangshu is the ancient almanac, which is the" political textbook "and theoretical basis for the rulers to govern the country. However, due to the fact that the real Shangshu is ill fated, for more than 2000 years, there has been a dispute between the authenticity of the ancient Shangshu. The traditional view is that the existing versions are mixed. It is generally believed that the sixteen chapters from Mu Shi to Lu Xing in Jin Wen Shang Shu are the real historical materials of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the order of Wen Hou, Fei Shi and Qin Shi are the historical materials of the spring and Autumn period, and the earlier Yao Dian, Gao Tao Mo and Yu Gong are the ancient historical materials compiled in the Warring States period. It is generally believed that the current copy of the fake ancient book of history was forged by Mei Xun in Jin Dynasty, but there are also disputes.

In the book of history dayumo, there are 16 words of Chinese mental method, the content of which is: "the mind of the people is only in danger, the mind of the Tao is only tiny; only the essence is the only thing, and it is allowed to persist in the middle." That is to say, the famous "sixteen character biography" in Chinese cultural tradition is the cultural core and soul of the Chinese nation.

Since the early Han Dynasty, there have been two different versions of modern prose and ancient prose. "The book of history of the Han Dynasty" says: "the book of history of the Han Dynasty originally had 100 chapters, which Confucius compiled and wrote a preface for. "After Qin Shihuang unified China, he issued the order of burning books. The burning of books in Qin Dynasty brought a devastating blow to the spread of Shangshu, and almost all the original copies of Shangshu were burned. The Han Dynasty paid more attention to Confucianism. The book of history, which was dictated by Dr. Qin Fusheng and written in the official script of the Han Dynasty, has 28 chapters. It is called the book of history of modern literature. In the Western Han Dynasty, it is said that when King Lu Gong demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence, he found another Shangshu, which was written in the font of the six pre Qin countries. It is called the ancient Shangshu. After the collation of Kong Anguo, a descendant of Confucius, the ancient book of history has 16 more chapters than the modern book of history.

During the war in Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, both the current and ancient Shangshu were lost. In the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, Mei you, the internal history of the Yuzhang Dynasty, presented a Book of history to the imperial court, including 33 Jinwen Shangshu (Mei you separated 5 of the original 28) and 25 fake Guwen Shangshu.

Sun Xingyan of the Qing Dynasty wrote notes on the ancient and modern texts of the book of Shang, which drew on the previous research results and redefined the title to 29 volumes, which largely restored the appearance of the Han Dynasty's biographical version of the book of Shang. The words recorded in the book of history are basically words of oath, destiny, admonition and patent.

Mr. Li Xueqin repeatedly stressed: "historical materials are not judged only by authenticity, but by feasibility." Compared with the existing ancient books, it is not difficult to see that in the process of the generation and transmission of ancient books, there are many situations worthy of attention

1. Lost and lost. 2. The name is dead and the reality exists. 3. It's a book for today. 4. Later generations expanded. 5. Later revision. 6. It's been rewritten. 7. They are combined into volumes. 8. A single chapter. 9. Different sources coexist. 10. Change the text.

"Generally speaking, except for a few classics which have already been established by scholars or have official editions, the ancient classics can only be finalized after great changes."

Among the bamboo slips of the Warring States period collected by Tsinghua University in July 2008, the true original of Shangshu, which has been lost for more than 2000 years, appears.

"In Tsinghua bamboo slips, we have found many Shangshu, some of which are handed down, such as Jindan and kanggao, but there are many differences in sentences and even different titles.". There are more lost articles than ever before. Fu Shuo Zhi Ming is not the same thing as today's Shuo Ming. Shuo Xu tells us that Shuo Ming is composed of three chapters. There are three pieces of Fu Shuo Zhi Ming in the contemporary Tsinghua bamboo slips. Mr. Li corrected and said, "it turned out to be a mistake to say that there was kanggao in the bamboo slips."

spread

It is said that the book of history was compiled by Confucius. In his later years, Confucius concentrated on sorting out ancient books and records. He collected all kinds of important documents from Yao and Shun in ancient times to Qin and Mugong in the spring and Autumn period. After careful compilation and selection, he selected 100 pieces, which is the origin of 100 Shangshu. It is said that after Confucius compiled Shangshu, he used it as a teaching material to educate students. In Confucianism, Shangshu has an extremely important position. But in fact, scholars in the Western Han Dynasty used the analogy of 28 chapters of the book of history to describe Fu Shengjin, and the saying of 100 chapters of the book of history came later.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he issued the order of burning books, forbidding the collection of books by the people. All the books collected by the people, such as poems, books and the works of various schools of thought, should be sent to the government for centralized burning. The burning of books in Qin Dynasty brought a devastating blow to the spread of Shangshu, and almost all the original copies of Shangshu were burned.

In the Western Han Dynasty, it is said that when King Lu Gong demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence, he found another Shangshu, which was written in the font of the pre Qin six kingdoms. People call it the ancient Shangshu. The ancient book of history has been sorted out by Kong Anguo, the descendant of Confucius, with 16 more chapters than the modern book of history.

However, in Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, a biography of Kong an and a preface to Shangshu were lost, so there were 59 Shangshu. The book of history, which has been circulating for more than 2000 years, is mostly based on the book presented by Mei you.

The book of history suffered a lot. Duan Yucai in the Qing Dynasty said in the ancient Shangshu Zhuanyi: "the classic Shangshu is the most respected, and the Shangshu is the most far away from misfortune. The fire of Qin, one also. Dr. Han's suppression of ancient prose, two also. Ma and Zheng didn't pay attention to the ancient prose. In Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were four kinds of pseudo ancient prose. Justice in Tang Dynasty does not use horse and Zheng, but uses fake Confucius. The change of Tianbao's word, LiuYe. Song Kaibao's revision of Shi Wen is also called Qi Ye. The seven are well prepared, and the ancient prose is almost dead. "

It is said that the book of history was compiled by Confucius, but some of it was later supplemented by Confucianism. In the early Western Han Dynasty, there were 28 articles, which were called Jinwen Shangshu because they were written in the official script of Han Dynasty. It is also said that in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the ancient text Shangshu (only a few items and lost articles) was found in the wall of Confucius' house, and the fake ancient text Shangshu (16 more than Jinwen Shangshu) presented by Meiyou of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Shangshu, the current edition of thirteen classics annotation, is a combined edition of Jinwen Shangshu and Guwen Shangshu. The authenticity, gathering and scattering of Shangshu are extremely complicated.

content

Shangshu is the oldest Royal Collection in China. It is the first collection of ancient historical documents and some works tracing ancient deeds. It preserves some important historical materials of Shang and Zhou dynasties, especially in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. It is said that the book of history was compiled by Confucius, but some of its contents were later supplemented by Confucianism. In the early Western Han Dynasty, there were 29 chapters,

Chinese PinYin : Shang Shu