Zhang lexing

Zhang lexing

Zhang lexing (1810-1863), who was born in Guoyang, Anhui Province, was born in the late Qing Dynasty. He became the leader of the peasant uprising army in the Central Plains and was named the leader of the Nien army.

In the winter of the second year of Xianfeng (1852), as one of the eighteen twists, Zhang lexing was elected as the leader of the alliance in the zhiheji uprising against the Qing Dynasty in Bozhou, Anhui Province. In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Zhang lexing, together with Gong Deshu, the leader of white flag, and Su Tianfu, the leader of black flag, took control of the vast area of Huaibei. In the spring of the next year, the Nien army expanded to Anhui and Henan provinces. In the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Zhang lexing was granted the title of "king of the Great Han Dynasty", established the "five flag military system" and promulgated the "marching regulations". In 1856, Zhang lexing occupied Fengxian again and pressed Kaifeng. In the spring of the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), he was granted the title of "chief General of the expedition to the north". In the battle of Sanhe Town, he cooperated with Chen Xiucheng to defeat the Xiang army. In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Zhang lexing marched into Xihua and killed the Qing general Lian en in Wuyang. Xianfeng ten years (1860), was named king wo.

In the first year of tongzhi (1862), Zhang lexing led a long spear team westward to fight with Seng greenqin in Qi County, Henan Province. In the second year of tongzhi (1864), the Qing government induced him to surrender. Zhang lexing resisted tenaciously. He was betrayed by a traitor and was captured in xiyangji. Later, he was executed at the age of 53.

Life of the characters

Young and ambitious

In 1810, Zhang lexing was born into a landlord family.

In the early years of Daoguang, Zhang lexing opened a dross shop, a grain shop, and a gambling business. He also formed a party to sell private salt and became a "salt owner.". When they were trafficking in illegal salt, they often had conflicts with the government, so they gathered the masses to defend themselves, and supported the peasants in their struggle against grain, poor food and big food. The folk custom of Northern Anhui is strong, and its customs are martial arts. The customs of "sword is happy" and "gathering people to fight for surrender" are the customs. In order to get ahead of others, they formed a group of one shop and one twist, and Zhang lexing was also deeply influenced. ·

In the 17th year of Daoguang (1837), Zhang lexing led the public to fight for justice and eliminate Hou Yongqing, a local bully.

In 1850, Zhang lexing fought with the song gentry in his hometown of Guoyang. Later, the defendant went to the government to confront the government.

rise up in arms

In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Zhang lexing led the Nien army in Bozhou to gather for the first time to revolt.

In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Zhang lexing and Gong Deshu, the leader of the white flag, gathered more than 10000 people to besiege Yongcheng, Henan Province, and to rescue the prisoners. In November of the same year, together with Feng Jinbiao, Zhang Fengshan and other 18 twisted heads in Yongcheng and Bozhou, they gathered blood in Zhihe and were promoted to be the leader of the alliance. The yellow flag uprising, known as "shibapu Juyi" in history, became the highest leader of the early Nien army.

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping army conquered the three towns of Wuhan and threatened Jiangsu and Anhui. The Qing army was busy suppressing the Taiping army, so it sent Zhou Tianjue, the Minister of the Qing army, to induce Zhang lehang to surrender.

In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Zhang lexing, Gong Deshu and Su Tianfu raised Yiqi to control the vast area of Huaibei.

In the spring of the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Zhang lexing united with the Nien army of Anhui and Henan and spread his influence in the four provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui.

Nien army Alliance

In April of the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), the Qing government sent troops to Yuan Jiasan to recruit Zhang lehang again, and he was rejected again. In the first month of the next year, Yongcheng, Bozhou and other neighboring counties and prefectures gathered in Zhihe. Zhang lexing was promoted to be the leader, known as the "Ming Ming king of the Han Dynasty". He established the military system of yellow, white, red, black and blue banners. All the Nian troops were dispatched and led the yellow flag. The announcement and "March regulations" made the Nien army have a unified organization and leadership, and the Nien army officially revolted here.

In February of the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), Yuan Jiasan attacked Bozhou, broke the bailongwang temple, Yan's house, and even chiheji. Su Tianfu was captured and Zhang lexing was spared. In July, Zhang lexing fought against the Qing army and killed Ren Zhongmian, the general of the Qing army. On July 16, Zhang lexing conquered Sanhejian, an important town in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River (now Sanhejian Town, Gushi County, Henan Province). On August 24, the army returned to chiheji. Zhang lexing once again occupied Fengxian County, and the leaders of the Nien army in Mengcheng and Bozhou gathered to return to Germany, ready to attack Zhoukou and press Kaifeng.

King of wo

In the spring of 1857, Zhang lexing led his army to attack Guangzhou and Gushi, and occupied both sides of Honghe River. Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng of the Taiping army joined forces at the junction of Huoqiu and Lu'an. They accepted the leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and were granted the title of "chief General of the Northern Expedition". From then on, the Nien army was all ready to change the flag of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. On October 13 of the same year, he retired to Lu'an.

In the late May of the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), Zhang lexing led his troops to the north, passing through Zhengyangguan and xiashikou, occupying Huaiyuan, linhuai and fengyangfu counties, controlling the traffic between the north and the south of the Huaihe River and cutting off the salt transportation in the north of the Qing Dynasty. In October, Zhang lexing and the Taizhou Taiping army went south to cooperate with Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng in the battle of Sanhe. They defeated the Xiang army and killed Li Xubin, the Zhejiang chief of the Qing army.

In the spring of the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Zhang lexing and Gong Deshu attacked again and returned to Germany. They retreated to the South and the west of Shangshui in two ways. Zhang lexing marched into Xihua and killed the Qing general Lian en in Wuyang. Since then, Gong Ruyuan, the leader of the United Kingdom of Huaihe and huaizhou, led the army in the same year. In November, the South retreats to Dingyuan.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Zhang lexing led more than 30000 people to fight behind the enemy forces in Northern Jiangsu and occupied qingjiangpu (now Huaiyin). He was granted the title of King Wo by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Yinjiagou was designated as the "capital" and Zhihe as the "auxiliary capital".

In the 11th year of Xianfeng (1861), Zhang lexing lived in the north of Wohe River and led the five banners to Heze. Yishiwangbu, the general manager of Chahar, was killed in battle, and senggreeqin was defeated by tangjiakou. In October, Zhang lexing contacted with Miao Peilin, the king of music, to attack Henan.

Die bravely

In the first year of tongzhi (1862), Zhang lexing often called other leaders of the Nien army to discuss affairs. Shandong Nien army Association met in Baoshan, Longshan, Kaifeng, xiaonaiji, Dashiji, Zhoukou and other places, mostly in Shihe, zhangxinliu, near the birthplace of Bozhou Nien army. In the first month of the same year, more than 20000 Nien troops attacked Jinxiang and Yutai from Fengxian County in Jiangbei. In February of the same year, Zhang lexing led the long spear team to the West with a great momentum. Seng gelinqin led his horse team to Xugang, Qi County, Henan Province to fight with him. Reinforcements from both sides arrived. After several days of fierce fighting, Dong Zhixin, leader of the gun twisting team, surrendered, causing the Nien army to suffer from the enemy.

In the first month of the second year of tongzhi (1862), Zhang lexing refused to surrender and met with sun Chou, Liu Da, Liu ER and Yang Er to withdraw from Xuzhou. On the way, he was ambushed by yinghan, the governor of Suzhou, and withdrew to chiheji.

In February of the same year, the Qing army attacked Yinjiagou. At this time, Li Qinbang, the leader of the western village, defected to the enemy. On the surface, he received Zhang lexing and his son attentively, but secretly sent a secret report to yinghan, the governor of Suzhou. At dawn of the next day, yinghan led the regiment training and the blue flag traitor to raid, arrested Zhang lexing and his son, and sent them to senggreeqin camp. Later, Zhang lexing and his son Zhang Yu were put to death Fifty three years old.

Character achievement

Zhang lehang was the leader of Nien army in the early stage. Later, under the command of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he was appointed as the commander of the northern expedition. Because he successfully occupied qingjiangpu in Northern Jiangsu, he was appointed as the king of wo. He reorganized the military system and strictly enforced military discipline, which enhanced the combat effectiveness of the Nien army. Where they arrived, they attacked the rich, protected the poor and the poor, responded one after another, and the anti Qing troops expanded rapidly. The leaders of Nien army in Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan and Anhui also joined forces one after another. The Nian Army led by Zhang lexing fought against the Qing army in the Central Plains, and played a cooperative role in fighting against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army in the great victory of Sanhe Town and the Hunan army, making the Nian Army a friend of the Taiping army. The long-term struggle of Nian Army led by Zhang lexing greatly shook the feudal rule of the Qing government, and also attacked the foreign capitalist aggressive forces. It became an important part of the first revolutionary climax of modern China centered on Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Character evaluation

Overall evaluation

Zhang lexing is "an outstanding revolutionary leader of peasants" and "a fighter against feudalism". He gave his precious life for the revolutionary cause of Chinese peasants. His life is a life of resistance, struggle and revolution.

Celebrity Reviews

Seng gelinqin: the first piece of Luoxing, there are countless gangs. In addition, there are many leaders, big and small. The officers and men went to suppress the enemy, but they returned after plundering. Therefore, once out of the nest, that is to increase the number of people.

Shengbao: the bandits of the time harassed Anhui and Henan, and Zhang Luo was the strongest.

Guo Yuming: driven by the drastic changes in Chinese society after the Opium War, Zhang lexing went out of his house to join the Nien uprising. Before he became the leader of the alliance, he "held both ends" and went to the revolution gradually. After being the leader of the alliance, he still had shortcomings and mistakes, but he insisted on the unity of the revolutionary team and resisted the black revolution of the Qing Dynasty The dark rule was in line with the general direction of the Chinese people's anti imperialist and anti feudal revolution at that time, and was finally betrayed by traitors and sacrificed to the butcher's knife of the enemy. Although Zhang lexing can not compare with Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan of his time, he has made his own contribution to the cause of the Chinese people's revolution in modern times and should be affirmed as a historical figure. Therefore, it is not appropriate to regard him as a "great" or "outstanding" hero, nor to denounce him as a "traitor" who has been infamous for years. 　

member of family

Father: Zhang Weizu, who died before the uprising.

Mother: Yan, Zhang lexing died before the uprising.

Elder brother: Zhang Wenxing died young.

Brother: Zhang Minxing, an early general of Nien army.

Wife: Ma Shi, a rural woman,

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Le Hang