Yongzheng

Aixinjueluo Yinzhen

Aixinjueluo Yinzhen

(December 13, 1678 to October 8, 1735), the fifth monarch of the Qing Dynasty (reigned from 1722 to 1735), and the third emperor after the capital was established in Beijing. Year number

Yongzheng

. Mongolia is known as "nairar tutobkhan" and Tibet as "Manjusri emperor". The fourth son of Emperor Kangxi, whose mother is empress xiaogongren (i.e. Princess Wuya), was born in Yonghe palace, the Forbidden City of Beijing.

Baile was granted in 1698, the 37th year of Kangxi, and Yinzhen was granted the title of Prince heshuoyong in 1709. After the second crown prince Yinren, Yinzhen actively managed to fight for the throne. On November 13, 1722, Emperor Kangxi died in changchunyuan, northern suburb. He inherited the throne and changed his name to Yongzheng the next year. Emperor Yongzheng made a series of reforms during his reign. In order to strengthen the rule of the southwest ethnic minorities, it is necessary to reform the land and return it to the local people. The abolition of the system of humble citizenship and the implementation of the system of sharing land into Mu have reduced the economic burden of landless and landless peasants and promoted the population growth. In addition, we should make great efforts to rectify the finance, return the consumption and admiration to the public, establish the system of keeping honest and clean bank, and implement the integration of officials and gentry, and the integration of taking on duties and receiving food. The first year of Yongzheng (1723) sent troops to Qinghai, the next year put down the rebellion of Luobu, zangdanjin. In politics, we should rectify the administration of officials, set up a secret system to monitor the subjects, and set up military aircraft to exercise exclusive power. Moreover, the improvement of the system of secret establishment of the crown prince and the institutionalization of the method of succession to the throne also avoided the situation of the princes fighting with each other in the late years of Emperor Kangxi to a certain extent. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, he was diligent in political affairs and boasted that he was "diligent first in the world" and "vigilant in the morning and in the evening".

A series of social reforms by Emperor Yongzheng played a key role in the continuity of the prosperous period of Kangxi and Qianlong. In 1735, he died on August 23 of the lunar calendar at the age of 58. Temple name

Shizong

His posthumous title is jingtianchang yunjianzhong, which means that he is civil, military, wise, broad, benevolent, resolute, sage, filial and sincere

Emperor Xian

It is said that the tomb of Tai, which buried the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, is located in Hongli, the fourth son.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Yin Zhen was born on October 30 (December 13, 1678) in the Forbidden City of Yonghe palace in Beijing. Because his mother, uya, was of low birth, she could not bring Yin Zhen a special position among the princes. In addition, in the early Qing Dynasty, the harem did not allow the birth mother to raise her son, so Yinzhen was raised by the empress Tong Jia after the full moon. Empress xiaoyiren is the daughter of Tong Guowei, the first-class Duke, and the niece of empress xiaokangzhang. Empress xiaoyiren has never given birth to a prince, and only one princess died in the early years, so she raised the son of Debin. Young Yinzhen, because of her dignity, is likely to curry favor with her.

In 1683, Yin Zhen entered Shang's study at the age of six, followed Zhang Ying to learn four books and five classics, and learned Manchu from Xu Yuanmeng. Gu badai had the closest relationship with Yin Zhen. Yin Zhen said that he had "good conduct and good academic quality". Under the strict control of his father and master, Yin Zhen in his youth and youth was engaged in the study of four books and five classics. During this period, he also wrote poems such as reading in spring and reading in summer. After a while, he followed Emperor Kangxi on a tour and was ordered to handle some political affairs. At the age of 16, he accompanied his third son Yinzhi to the Confucius Temple in Qufu.

In the 35th year of Kangxi (1696), 19-year-old Yin Zhen followed Emperor Kangxi in his expedition to kardan and took charge of Zhenghong banner camp. Although Yin Zhen didn't take part in the battle, he was very concerned about the battle. He wrote two poems, the great reading of wolf's residence in Xushan and the praise of huiluan, praising his father's military exploits. He went to the temporary Temple of Zunhua to offer sacrifices to empress Wen of Xiaozhuang.

In the 37th year of Kangxi (1698), 21-year-old Yin Zhen was granted the title of Baylor. In the 39th year of Kangxi (1700), 23-year-old Yin Zhen visited the Yongding River construction site to inspect the quality of the project. At the age of 25, he visited Wutai Mountain with his father and Emperor. The next year, he visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to check and accept the Yellow River and Huaihe River harnessing projects.

Management and storage

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > Jiuzi seizes the right

In the summer of 1708, Emperor Kangxi deposed Prince Yinren for the first time. In the process of selecting the new crown prince, Yinzhen supported the restoration of Yinren and maintained a good relationship with Yinzhen, the eighth emperor's son. In the 48th year of Kangxi (1709), Yinren was restored as the crown prince. In the same year, he was granted the title of Prince Heshuo Yong. In order to seek the throne, all the princes here formed private parties and fought fiercely.

After the re establishment of Yinren, some illegal activities were carried out to consolidate his position, which caused Emperor Kangxi's displeasure. In 1711, he was deposed again. After that, there were many courtiers rushing for his restoration, all of them were punished by Emperor Kangxi. Yinren was abandoned, but the Emperor Kangxi didn't replace the crown prince he left, which made the crown prince move his mind. Yin Yi had the capital to continue his activities and was once again reprimanded by his father. His accomplice, Yin Yi, was a "petty officer Xu Xian", who contacted people from all sides and "had a good plan". In 1718, the fourteenth Prince Yinyi was appointed as the general of Fuyuan. He went to the northwest and commanded the two Qing armies to Tibet. He sent Dalai VII to Lhasa, expelled the forces of the Junggar people who once occupied Tibet, and stabilized the situation in Tibet. His reputation is getting higher and higher, and he may become a prince. The third prince, Prince Cheng, Yinzhi, was ordered to open the mengyangzhaiguan, surrounded by a group of scholars. He also "hoped to reserve the throne", so that after he abandoned the throne, he "decided to reserve the throne".

Yin Zhen was good at governing the country and kept a low profile. He respected Buddhism and Taoism, and called himself "the first idle man in the world". He maintained peace with his brothers, and had close contacts with Nian gengyao and longkeduo. At the same time, he showed his sincerity and filial piety to his father Emperor Kangxi, painted Tibet in the territory, and won the trust of Emperor Kangxi. In the 60th year of Kangxi (1721), Yongzheng was 44 years old. It was the 60th anniversary of Emperor Kangxi's accession to the throne. He was ordered to go to Shengjing to offer sacrifices to his ancestors' Mausoleum, return to Beijing to participate in the examination paper review of the Gongshi meeting, and at the winter solstice to offer sacrifices to heaven on behalf of Emperor Kangxi's southern suburbs. The next year, he checked the warehouses in Beijing and Tongzhou, and ordered the winter solstice to worship heaven. These activities of Yin Zhen have two meanings to him. One is that he followed many times to patrol and go out to handle government affairs. He traveled all over the main areas of China, so that he had the opportunity to understand the local economic products, mountains and water conservancy, folk customs, religious beliefs, historical issues, and obtained the first-hand information about civil affairs. The other is that he observed Emperor Kangxi's handling of political affairs and examined the local administration He trained his ability to deal with some political affairs and gained some experience in politics. These two factors are of great practical significance to Yin Zhen's future governance of state affairs.

The victory of Emperor Yongzheng in the struggle of saving the throne has its inevitability, which is: first, his talent and pragmatic spirit will win the support of some people. Dai duo, one of his subordinates, once praised his master to Li Guangdi: "he has both talent and morality, and he can do a lot with kindness and prestige." In fact, in the struggle for the crown prince, Emperor Yongzheng put forward the invigorating and promising political policy of rectifying the accumulated habits, which is opposite to the benevolence and righteousness policy of the eighth Prince Yinyi, in order to win the hearts of the people. Second, he was good at playing double faced tactics, thus deceiving his opponents and Emperor Kangxi, so that the political enemies did not take him for granted and did not concentrate on dealing with him, so as to achieve success easily. Third, he had a group that used his strength at the critical moment, such as stabilizing the situation in central Beijing through longkeduo, controlling Yinyi through Nian gengyao, and stabilizing the northwest region.

Consolidate the throne

On November 13, 1722, Emperor Kangxi died in changchunyuan, a northern suburb. On November 20, Yin Zhen received the imperial edict of Kangxi, that is, the emperor was located in the hall of Taihe and changed to Yongzheng. After he ascended the throne, Emperor Yongzheng attached great importance to Yin Xiang, the 13th son of Kangxi. He did not want to let go of his political opponents, such as Yin Yi, who were not willing to lose. Therefore, the struggle between the two sides continued after Emperor Yongzheng succeeded to the throne. He took various measures to consolidate his throne politically. First of all, the prime ministers such as Yinxi, Yinxiang, Maqi and longkeduo were appointed to handle the affairs. The second is to eliminate the dissidents, disintegrate the prince groups, and recall Yinyi from the front of the northwest army to be banned. Send Yinchen to Datong in the west of Qinghai (now the northwest of Datong in Qinghai). In view of the fact that there was no effective system of establishing a crown prince in the Qing Dynasty, which often resulted in disputes over the right of succession to the throne, Emperor Yongzheng established the secret system of establishing a crown prince.

Before the spring of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Yongzheng still had some restraint in his attack on political opponents. This was because the regime was not so consolidated that it was inconvenient to stimulate each other too much. In March of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), the victory of anti rebellion in Qinghai Province strengthened the power of Yongzheng regime, and then stepped up the punishment of Yinyi group. In April, I denounced Yin Zhen for his crimes, saying that "although I want to tolerate and forgive him for his disorderly behavior and violating the law and discipline, I can't do anything about it because of the existence of the constitution. I should rectify his crimes together with the ministers.". He was banned and renamed as "aqina" (meaning fish to be slaughtered), and Yinchen was banned and renamed as "saisihei" (meaning disgusting person). Yinzhen, the tenth son of the emperor, was banned, while Yinzhen, the fourteenth son of Emperor Kangxi, was first sent to guard the mausoleum and then banned. Yinyi, the twelfth son of Emperor Kangxi, was demoted to the throne, and Yinzhi, the third son of Emperor Kangxi, was also banned from the throne.

In May of the same year, he went to sunubel. In July, he made "the theory of friends" and further carried out the activities against the members of the party. Soon after the emergence of the problems of Nian gengyao and longkeduo, he relaxed the offensive against him. In December of the third year of Yongzheng (1725), when Nian gengyao died, he speeded up the punishment. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Yinzhen and Yinzhen were imprisoned to death. Yinzhen moved to Jingshan, the capital city. Cai Huaixi committed suicide, Guo Yunjin was the first to show himself to the public, and other Yinzhen party members were also punished. So far, Yinyi group, which has been operating for more than 20 years, has completely collapsed

Chinese PinYin : Yong Zheng