Du Mu

Du Mu

Du Mu (803-about 852), named Muzhi, was born in jingzhaowannian (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) of Han nationality. He was an outstanding poet and essayist in the Tang Dynasty. He wrote the anthology of Fan Chuan's works. His poems are famous for seven character quatrains and are good at chanting history.

In the second year of the reign of emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was a 26 year old Jinshi and was awarded the title of xiaoshulang of hongwenguan. Later, he went to Jiangxi Province to observe the envoys, transferred to Huainan festival to observe the envoys, and then entered the observation envoys. He successively served as the editor of the National History Museum, the member of the catering department, the comparison department, the member of Si Xun, wailang, and the governor of Huangzhou, Chizhou, and muzhou. In his later years, he lived in Fanchuan villa, so he called it "Du Fanchuan".

Du Mu's "little Du" and Du Fu's "big Du". Du Mu and Li Shangyin are called "Xiao Li Du".

Du Mu's grandfather is prime minister du you, and Du Mu's father is Du Congyu.

Life of the characters

Early career

Du Mu ranks 13th in the family, so according to the custom of the Tang Dynasty, he is called "Du shisan". Du Mu's political talent was outstanding. When he was a teenager, he was at the time of Tang Xianzong's crusading against the vassal towns and invigorating the state. In his spare time, he was concerned about military affairs. Later, Du Mu studied Sun Tzu, wrote 13 notes on Sun Tzu, and wrote many policy speeches. In particular, one time, it was adopted by Prime Minister Li Deyu and was a great success.

In the second year of Changqing (822), when Du Mu was 20 years old, he had a broad knowledge of classics and history, especially focusing on the control of chaos and military affairs. At the age of 23, Du Mu wrote "a Fang Gong Fu". At the age of 25, Du Mu wrote a long five character poem "sentimental poem" to express his views on the issue of vassal towns. At this time, Du Mu was well-known and his works spread.

In the second year of Dahe (828), Du Mu, 26 years old, was a Jinshi. In the same year, he passed the examination, and was awarded the title of "xiaoshulang" of hongwenguan and "Cao Canjun" of Zuowu guard.

In 833, Du Mu was granted the post of official promotion by Niu sengru, the governor of Huainan, and later became the Secretary in charge of the official communication of the governor's office. The title of Jing is to supervise the imperial censor Li Xing. At this time, Du Mu lived in Yangzhou and especially liked banquet tours.

In the ninth year of Dahe (835), Du Mu was 33 years old. He was enlisted by the imperial court as the censor of supervision. He went to Chang'an to serve as a branch of the eastern capital. He took office in Luoyang in August. So we escaped the dangerous storm of the change of manna in November. Here he met Zhang Haohao, an old friend of Xuanzhou, and wrote his famous poem Zhang Haohao. During his stay in Luoyang, due to his leisure, he paid close attention to historical sites and wrote many poems.

In the second year of Kaicheng (838), Du Mu entered xuanhui to observe Cui Dan and was called as Xuanzhou League training judge.

In the fourth year of Kaicheng (839), Du Mu left Xuanzhou at the end of the year and went to Chang'an to work as zuobuque and historian. In the fifth year of Kaicheng, Du Mu was promoted to wailang.

Transfer of officials

In the first year of Huichang (841), Du Mu was transferred to be a member of Bibu.

In the second year of Huichang (842), it was released as the governor of Huangzhou. The reason for Du Mu's exile is not recorded in history books. Du Mu thought it was the exclusion of Prime Minister Li Deyu. Li and Du are family friends. Why doesn't Li Deyu like Du Mu? Some people think that Du Mu is casual and unconventional, which is not in line with Li Deyu's idea. Moreover, there is a dispute between Niu and Li. Du Mu has a good personal relationship with Niu sengru, which may be regarded as Niu party by Li Deyu.

In the Tang Dynasty, Huangzhou (also known as Qi'an County in ancient Huangzhou, where Tang Shizhi is located in Yingcheng street, Xinzhou District, Wuhan city today) was a desolate and abandoned county. After the late Tang Dynasty, it was regarded as a "humble Prefecture" by Beijing officials and one of the "Four Scholars of Sumen" in the Northern Song Dynasty In his poem Qi'an autumn day, Zhang Lei also said that Huangzhou was a place where "Qi'an was a desolate place and exiled officials in the past".

Du Mu was relegated to Huangzhou, but he was full of confidence in himself. The literati expelled the local officials, whether they were officials or literati. Shiyun was "the magistrate of Qing Dynasty in three years, and a hundred thousand snowflakes were silver", while Du Mu's residence in Huangzhou was "the residence of a wild man". He was clean and honest in government. In the biography of the book of Tang Dynasty, he was called "upright and upright". Huangzhou Fu Zhi of Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty praised him for his "talent and fame, many strange festivals, and the officials and the people cherishing and serving him".

During his three years as governor of Huangzhou, Du Mu managed Huangzhou in an orderly way. He was also another Confucius master after Han Yu in Tang Dynasty. There are Confucius mountain and Confucius River in Huangzhou, which are the places where Confucius used to travel around the world at the end of the spring and Autumn period. There are some holy sites such as "the place where Confucius sent his son to visit Tianjin". Beside the mountain, there is a Confucius Temple (the predecessor of Wenjin Academy). He was on the verge of collapse because of his disrepair. In order to publicize Confucius thought and display his great political ambition, Du Mu expanded the Confucius Temple in Confucius mountain, paid homage to the statue of Confucius, personally changed the name of Confucius Temple to "Wenxuan Temple", and set up a school in the temple to educate the people. Although he was an official, he still gave lectures in school. At the time of the lecture, there were hundreds of disciples from afar. In Xie Shangbiao, the governor of Huangzhou, he said: "the only way is not to be partial to the customs, to educate himself, to be moral, to love like a son, to abolish whipping, to use loyalty and forgiveness to caress him", "so that the people of one state know that there are two sons of heaven, who are sent to the governor of Huangzhou, who are not in vain, to smoke his peace, to feel his favor, to be auspicious, to sing his songs, to benefit his career, and to flow to infinity.".

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the records of Huangzhou Prefecture and the records of Wenjin academy both recorded that Du Mu was in Huangzhou to "set up a school as a priest, set up a temple to worship the sages, followed Confucianism for a time, and praised Confucianism.".

Later Du Mu was appointed governor of Chizhou and muzhou. For the government, we can promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, and care for the people.

In September of the fourth year of Huichang (September of 844), Du Mu moved to Chizhou as a governor. He was 42 years old. Chizhou is located in Qiupu county (now Guichi, Anhui Province).

In July of the fifth year of Huichang (845), Emperor Wuzong issued an imperial edict to ban and destroy Buddhism. Du Mu agreed with this measure very much. Later, he wrote "the story of the New South Pavilion in Hangzhou" in the middle age of Xuanzong, which described in detail the prohibition and destruction of Buddhism by Wuzong.

In the second year of Xuanzong's reign (848), with the help of Zaibao Zhoulong, he became a member of Si Xun, a historian, and a member of the Ministry of official affairs.

Old age of life

In the third year of Xuanzong's reign (849), because of the low salary of Beijing officials, it was difficult to support their families. They asked for the release of Hangzhou governor, but they did not approve.

In the fourth year of Xuanzong's reign (850), he was promoted to the rank of minister wailang. However, Du Mu still asked to release Huzhou governor many times, and finally agreed to his request. However, some people think that Du Mu's request is not only for economic reasons, but also because he is dissatisfied with the government and thinks that he can't make a difference in the government. In the autumn of the same year, Du Mu was appointed governor of Huzhou. In Huzhou, he paid homage to his predecessors, made friends with poets and wrote many poems. A year later, he was promoted to be a doctor of merit and a doctor of patent. In the second year of Chang'an, he moved to Shushe. During this period, Du Mu renovated his ancestral Fanchuan villa and often met friends here in his spare time.

In 852, Xuanzong died of serious illness in winter.

Literary achievements

Summary of achievements

Du Mu's literary creation has many achievements, poetry, Fu, ancient prose are all famous, like Taoism. Du Mu advocated that all works should be based on meaning, supplemented by Qi, and supported by words and sentences. He had a correct understanding of the relationship between the content and form of the works. And can absorb, melt the advantages of predecessors, in order to form their own special style. Influenced by Du Fu and Han Yu, Du Mu's ancient poems have broad themes and strong writing. His modern style poetry is famous for its clear and beautiful words and ups and downs of sentiment.

The seven temperament "early wild goose" expresses its nostalgia for the northern frontier fortress people who were displaced by the invasion of Huihe by means of Bixing tuowu, which is graceful and has aftertaste. "Nine days to climb the mountain" is a bold and unrestrained style to write his broad-minded mind, but also contains deep sorrow. The general trend of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty was rich and colorful. Influenced by the atmosphere of the times, Du Mu also paid attention to diction. This kind of common tendency of emphasizing diction combined with his personal characteristics of "majestic and heroic", which is elegant, flowing and beautiful, with sparse verve, bold and graceful momentum.

Poetry achievement

According to Lin jianlue, Du Mu's poems in the late Tang Dynasty can be divided into two categories: one is heroic, and the other is fragrant. The former is "either for sorrow, or for nostalgia, or for sentimental works, mostly written with a kind of sharp style, with a peculiar idea"; the latter is "mostly written with a fresh style to understate, so it is not full of paper powder". Wang Shuxiang's "poet Du Mu" thinks that Du Mu's "prose is so Chen Houqi changed, and poetry is so heroic and vigorous", "his poetry is beautiful and moving, too steep, so sometimes it flows into delicate. However, we should know that Yuanzhen, Bai Juyi, Li Shangyin and Wen Tingyun are all at the same time with him. He does not want to follow the Yuanhe style created by the popular Yuanbai, nor does he want to follow the obscurity of Wen and Li. He has to be one of his own and try his best to correct the current shortcomings Miao Qian's a brief introduction to Du Mu's poems believes that the style of Du Mu's poems is outstanding in the late Tang Dynasty and original in the whole Tang Dynasty. This is the characteristic of Du Mu's artistic genius, which is intertwined with his care for the country and the people.

Ge Xiaoyin believes in Du Mu and his poems that "the ideal of making contributions to the country brings rich imagination and bold and unconstrained spirit to Du Mu's poems, but his pragmatic spirit makes his imagination and metaphor never have the dangerous color of immortal world." And because of Du Mu's special talent in "expressing the keen sense of life beauty with direct language", he can always find unique beauty from the daily scenery, and find a kind of mood which is most harmonious with the artistic conception, and show it through the ingenious organization of the picture. " Wang Xiping and Zhang Tian hold that the artistic beauty of Du Mu's poems lies in his poems

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