Confucius(Kong Zi)

Aristocratic origin

The ancestor of Confucius was the aristocrat of Liyi (now Xiayi County, Henan Province) in the state of song, and the ancestor was Shang Tang, the founding monarch of the Shang Dynasty. After the rebellion of the third prison in the early Zhou Dynasty, in order to appease the nobles and descendants of the Shang Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou granted the order of King Cheng of Zhou to Weiziqi, the brother of King Zhou of Shang Dynasty, to establish the state of song in Shangqiu and worship Yin Shang. After Wei Ziqi died, his younger brother Wei Zhong ascended the throne. Wei Zhong was the 14th ancestor of Confucius. The sixth ancestor took the Kong surname, which was called Kong Fujia. Kong Fujia was a senior official of the state of song. He was once a big Sima. The fief was located in Liyi of the state of song. Later, he was killed by the governor of taizai in the civil strife of the court. Mu Jinfu, the son of Kong Fu Jia, prayed for his father and son Kong Fangshu. Uncle Liang he, the grandson of Uncle Kong Fangshu, was the father of Confucius. In order to avoid the war of the state of song, Shu Lianghe fled to Zou city (now Qufu City, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu to settle down, and his official position was Zou city doctor.

Shu Lianghe's wife, Shi Shi, had nine daughters but no sons. Her concubine gave birth to his eldest son, Mengpi. Mengpi had foot disease. Uncle Lianghe was very dissatisfied, so he asked Nayan's daughter to be his concubine. Yan has three daughters, only the youngest daughter Yan Zheng is willing to marry uncle Liang he. Yan Zheng was less than 20 years old at that time, while Shu Lianghe was 66 years old. There was a great difference in age. The two people were married at different rites. The husband and wife lived in Nishan and were pregnant, so it was called "wild combination".

Early experience

The specific birthday of Confucius is controversial. The biography of Gongyang was written on gengzi day, November 21, the 21st year of Duke Xiang of Lu (September 28, 551 BC); The biography of Gu Liang was written on gengzi day in October of the same year; "Historical records" is the next year, not the month and day. Confucius' fifty first grandson, Kong yuancuo of the Jin Dynasty, set Confucius' birthday on August 27, the 22nd year of the Duke of Lu Xiang (September 28, 551 BC), but there are still disputes in later generations.

Confucius was born with seven leaks, with a Polder top on his head (meaning depression on his head). Because his mother prayed on nichu mountain, he was named "Qiu" and the word "Zhongni".

Confucius died in 549 BC when he was three years old. After Shulianghe died, Yan Zheng was expelled by Shulianghe's wife Shi Shi, so he took Confucius's common brother Mengpi and Confucius to Qufu que Li to live a poor life.

In the fifth year of Duke Zhao of Lu (537 BC), Confucius realized that he should study hard to be a man and live, so he said that although he was 15 years old, his ambition was to learn.

In the seventh year of Duke Zhao of Lu (535 BC), Yan Zheng, the mother of Confucius, died in. This year, the Ji family entertained the first-class nobles. Confucius went to the banquet and was rejected by the Ji family Minister Yang Hu.

In the ninth year of Duke Zhao of Lu (533 BC), Confucius, at the age of 19, married the daughter of kaiguan, a native of the state of song, in order to often return to the state of song to worship his ancestors.

Enter the official career

In 532 BC, Duke Lu of Qi was born. It is said that at this time, Duke Zhao of Lu gave the carp to Confucius, so he named his son carp, named Bo Yu. Confucius wanted to take an official career since he was in his 20s, so he paid great attention to world affairs, often thought about various issues of governing the country, and often expressed some opinions. This year, Confucius began to appoint officials and manage warehouses.

In the 11th year of Duke Zhaogong of Lu (531 BC), Confucius changed to take the field to manage animal husbandry. Because life was difficult when I was a child, I would do some rough work.

In the 17th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (525 BC), Tanzi came to the state of Lu for a court meeting. Confucius asked Tanzi about the ancient official system of tan. Confucius opened private schools before and after that.

In the 20th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (522 BC), Confucius was already famous at the age of 30, so he claimed to have made achievements around the age of 30. This year, when Qi Jinggong and Yan Ying visited the state of Lu, they summoned Confucius to discuss the hegemony of Duke mu of Qin with him. Confucius got to know Qi Jinggong from this.

In the 24th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (518 BC), Meng Yizi and Nangong Jingshu learned from Confucius. It is said that Confucius and Nangong Jing Shushi Zhou saluted Lao Dan and asked Chang Hong.

In the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (517 BC), there was civil strife in the state of Lu. Duke Zhao of Lu was forced to flee to the state of Qi. Confucius also left the state of Lu and came to the state of Qi. He was appreciated and treated by Duke Jing of Qi. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nixi to Confucius, but was stopped by doctor Yan Ying.

In the 26th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (516 BC), Duke Jing of Qi asked Confucius to govern. Confucius said that kings should be like kings, subordinates should be like subordinates, fathers should be like fathers and sons should be like sons. Confucius was intoxicated when he heard the music of Shao. He didn't know the taste of meat in March.

In the 27th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (515 BC), the doctors of the state of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard about it, he asked Duke Jing of Qi for help. Qi Jinggong said he was too old to use. Confucius had to flee back to the state of Lu in a hurry.

In the 28th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (514 BC), the Jin and Wei dynasties donated their sons to power and promoted talents, regardless of whether they were close or not. Confucius believed that this was a righteous act. He would not bury the virtuous people who were close to him near, and the virtuous people who were recommended by others at a distance. This can be said to be benevolence and righteousness.

In the winter of the 29th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (513 BC), the state of Jin cast a punishment tripod. Confucius believed that the demise of Jin was mainly due to the rulers' lack of good systems and laws.

In the 30th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (512 BC), Confucius was 40 years old. After decades of training, he had a relatively clear understanding of various problems in life, so he claimed that he was 40 years old without doubt.

In the sixth year of Duke Ding of Lu (504 BC), Yang Hu, a minister of the Ji family, became increasingly powerful. Confucius called it the minister in charge of politics. Therefore, Confucius did not take office and retired to practice poetry, book, ceremony and music. Many disciples followed Confucius all over the world and studied with him. Yang Hu wanted to see Confucius, but Confucius didn't want to see Yang Hu. Later, the two met on the road. Yang Hu advised Confucius to become an official, but Confucius didn't make a clear statement. Then Confucius was promoted to little Sikong.

In the 10th year of the reign of Duke Ding of Lu (500 BC), Confucius was promoted to the rank of commander of the state of Lu. He took photos of the matter, killed shaozhengmao on the seventh day, and exposed the corpse on the third day.

In the 12th year of Duke Ding of Lu (498 B.C.), Confucius took measures to destroy the castle built by Sanhuan in order to weaken Sanhuan (the descendants of Jisun, shusun and mengsun, which were called Sanhuan because they were the descendants of the three sons of Duke Huan of Lu. At that time, the political power of the state of Lu was actually in their hands, and some family officials of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees). Later, the action of Kan Sandu gave up halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and Sanhuan was exposed.

In the 13th year of Duke Ding of Lu (497 BC), Confucius was 55 years old. In spring, the state of Qi sent 80 beauties to the state of Lu. Ji Huanzi accepted women's music. The monarchs and ministers were infatuated with singing and dancing and ignored the government for many days. There was discord between Confucius and Ji. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon after, the state of Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, the meat was not given to Confucius when it was given to the doctors as usual. This showed that Ji didn't want to appoint him anymore. Confucius had to leave the state of Lu, go abroad to find a way out, and began his journey around the world.

travel through all the kingdoms

In the 14th year of Duke Ding of Lu (496 BC), Confucius led his disciples to leave the state of Lu and come to the state of Wei. Confucius was summoned by Nanzi, wife of Duke Wei Ling in the state of Wei. Zilu, a disciple of Confucius, was very critical of Confucius' meeting Nanzi and criticized him. When Zichan of the state of Zheng died, Confucius was very sad to hear the news and praised Zichan as a kind man handed down from ancient times. Confucius took his disciples to the state of Wei first. Duke Wei linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to the salary standard of the state of Lu, he gave Confucius 60000 millet, but he didn't give him any official positions and didn't let him participate in political affairs.

Confucius lived in the state of Wei for about 10 months. Because someone was slandering in the face of Duke Wei linggong, Duke Wei became suspicious of Confucius and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. Therefore, Confucius took his disciples away from the state of Wei and planned to go to the state of Chen. When I passed Kuang City, I was besieged for 5 days due to misunderstanding. I fled Kuang city and went to Pudi. I met the aristocratic uncle of the state of Wei who launched a rebellion and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to the state of Wei. Hearing that Confucius' teachers and disciples had returned from Pudi, Duke Wei linggong was very happy and went out of the city to meet them in person. Since then, Confucius left the state of Wei several times and returned to the state of Wei several times. On the one hand, Duke Wei linggong treated Confucius well and sometimes bad. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving the state of Wei, so he had to return to the state of Wei again.

Confucius returned to the state of Lu in 495 BC.

In the year of lu'ai (494 BC), the state of Wu appointed the state of Lu to ask Confucius about the "special bus for the festival of bones".

In the second year of Duke AI of Lu (493 BC), Confucius came to the state of Wei from the state of Lu. Wei linggong asked Confucius, who politely rejected him. Confucius could not live in the state of Wei and left the state of Wei to travel westward. After passing through the state of Cao, Cao Boyang did not receive Confucius. After a short stay in the state of Cao and arriving in the state of song, Sima Huanyu of song hated Confucius and threatened to harm Confucius. Confucius walked in micro clothes. Fifty nine year old Confucius left the state of Wei and passed through the states of Cao, song and Zheng to the state of Chen. The state of Chen then sent people to work and besieged Confucius' teachers and disciples halfway. They did not rely on the village in front and shops in the back. They finished their food and ran out of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people. The state of Chu sent troops to welcome Confucius, and Confucius' teachers and disciples were saved from death.

In the third year of Duke AI of Lu (492 BC), Confucius was 60 years old. He said that at this time, he could correctly treat all kinds of speeches and didn't feel uncomfortable. Confucius passed through Zheng to the state of Chen. He was separated from his disciples in the capital of Zheng. He waited alone at the east gate for his disciples to look for him. He was ridiculed and said that he looked like a lost dog.

In the fourth year of Duke AI of Lu (491 BC), Confucius left the state of Chen and came to the state of CAI.

In the fifth year of Duke AI of Lu (490 bc), Confucius came to the state of ye from the state of CAI. Ye Gong, the monarch of the state of Ye, asked Confucius about politics and discussed moral issues of integrity with Confucius. On the way back to the state of CAI after leaving the state of Ye, Confucius met a hermit.

In the sixth year of Duke AI of Lu (489 BC), Confucius and his disciples were trapped between the states of Chen and CAI. Many disciples fell ill due to hunger and were rescued by the people of the state of Chu. Returning from the state of Chu to the state of Wei, I met a hermit on the way.

In the seventh year of Duke AI of Lu (488 B.C.), Confucius returned to the state of Wei and advocated that the name should be corrected before politics in the state of Wei.

In the eighth year of Duke AI of Lu (487 BC), the state of Wu defeated the state of Lu. If Confucius' disciples have made meritorious contributions to the war.

In the tenth year of Duke AI of Lu (485 BC), Confucius was in the state of Wei, and his wife Qi Guan died.

In the 11th year of Duke AI of Lu (484 BC), the state of Qi sent teachers to attack the state of Lu. Confucius disciple ran qiushuai fought with Qi and won. Ji Kangzi asked ran you where his command ability came from. Ran you said he learned it from Confucius. Thanks to the efforts of his disciple ran Qiu, 68 year old Confucius sent money to welcome Confucius to the state of Lu. Confucius traveled around the world for 14 years, which ended here. Confucius still wanted to go into politics, but he was respected rather than used. Ji Kangzi wanted to implement land tax, but Confucius opposed it. Ran you said that judging whether a person's behavior is a gentleman's behavior should be judged by his etiquette. When giving alms, they will pay more; When doing things, I will act in the golden mean; When you die, you will bury yourself thinly.

Return to the state of Lu

In the 12th year of Duke AI of Lu (483 BC), Confucius continued to engage in education and document sorting. That winter, Confucius' son Kong Li died.

In the 13th year of Duke AI of Lu (482 BC), Confucius was 70 years old. He said he could act at will and not exceed the rules. This year, Yan Hui, Confucius' favorite disciple, died before him. Confucius was very sad and lamented that the students who had followed him from the state of Chen to the state of CAI were no longer around to be taught.

In the spring of the fourteenth year of Duke AI of Lu (481 BC), xishuo got a Lin. Confucius thought this was not a good sign and said that my way was poor. So he stopped revising the spring and Autumn Annals. In June of the same year, Chen Heng of the state of Qi killed Duke Jian of Qi. Confucius fasted and bathed for three days. He saw Duke AI of Lu and asked the state of Lu to send troops to attack Chen Heng. There was no support. He asked Ji sun to send troops, but he was rejected.

The dead are buried in sishang

In the 15th year of Duke AI of Lu (480 BC), another proud son Lu of Confucius died in the civil strife of the state of Wei and was chopped into meat sauce. After this series of blows, Confucius knew that he didn't have much time.

On the fourth day of February in the 16th year of Duke AI of Lu (April 4, 479 BC), Zigong came to see Confucius. Confucius looked at each other from a distance with a pole in front of the door. He asked Zigong why he came to see him so late. So he sighed that Mount Tai would collapse, the beams would decay and break, and the philosophers would wither and rot like plants and trees. Confucius shed tears and said, "it has been a long time since there was no Tao in the world. No one is willing to adopt their own ideas. Their own ideas can not be realized. People in the Xia Dynasty died in the eastern stage, people in the Zhou Dynasty died in the western stage, and people in the Yin Shang Dynasty died between the two pillars. Yesterday evening, I dreamed that I was sitting between the two pillars to offer sacrifices, and my ancestors were people in the Yin Shang Dynasty."

On February 11, the 16th year of Duke AI of Lu (April 11, 479 BC), Confucius died of illness. He was 73 years old and was buried on the Bank of Surabaya in the north of Lu city. Many disciples guarded the tomb for three years, while the only son Gong guarded the tomb for Confucius for six years. Hundreds of disciples and people from the state of Lu came home from the tomb, which was named Kongli. Confucius' former residence was changed into a temple, which was worshipped by people.

Moral theory

Confucius constructed a complete ideological system of "morality and Tao": advocating the virtue and virtue of "benevolence and propriety" at the individual level. The doctrine of the three cardinal principles, which is based on the doctrine of humanity and the doctrine of the three cardinal principles, is also called the doctrine of the three cardinal principles.

Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He himself is also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want to do to yourself", "the beauty of a gentleman, the evil of not being an adult", "bowing from thick and thin responsibility to others" are all his principles of life. "I am determined to learn in five out of ten, stand at thirty, know my destiny in forty, be obedient in sixty, and follow my heart in seventy." This is Confucius' summary of all stages of his life.

Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of humanity. Confucius' theory of rites embodies the spirit of rites, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanitarianism is the eternal theme of mankind. It is applicable to any society, any era and any government, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for the establishment of human civilized society. Confucius's humanism and order spirit are the cream of China's ancient social political thoughts.

Political theory

The core content of Confucius' political thought is "propriety" and "benevolence". In terms of the strategy of governing the country, he advocates "governing the country with morality", and governing the country with morality and ethics is the most noble way of governing the country. This strategy is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by rites". This strategy applies morality and courtesy to the people, strictly follows the hierarchy, and categorizes the nobility and the common people into the governed and the governed. It broke an important boundary between nobility and common people.

Confucius lived in the state of Lu with a deep tradition of patriarchal rites in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At this time, the ruling power of the Zhou Dynasty had existed in name only, and there were constant wars among the princes. The social reality of "the king's way of mourning, the abolition of rites and righteousness, the loss of political power, and Family Customs" appeared. The characteristics of that era were "no monarch, no minister, no father, no son". The intensification of social contradictions has hindered the development of productive forces, and people's spirit and belief have been destroyed unprecedentedly. These together constitute the historical origin and social conditions of Confucius' political thought. "Benevolence" and "propriety" are the basic spirit of his political thought.

Confucius' highest political ideal is to establish a Datong society of "the world is for the public". The basic characteristics of the "Datong" society are: the road runs smoothly, "the world is the public", so it can "select talents and abilities, uphold faith and cultivate good neighborliness", "people do not only kiss their relatives, not only their children, so that the old have a place to end, strong and useful, young have strong points, reserved, lonely, disabled and ill can be raised".

In the world of Datong, people all over the world not only take their families as relatives, but also their parents and children as love, but respect and love each other and all people in the world. Make the old end of life, strong and useful, children can get warmth and care, lonely people and disabled people can rely on, men have their own things, and women have a satisfactory destination. Conspiracy and fraud are not popular, theft and chaos can not afford, the road is not found, the door is not closed at night, everyone speaks of faith and good neighborliness, and selects talents. This is an idealized legend of the primitive society of the Yao and Shun era, and it is also the highest ideal society that Confucius longed for.

The lower political goal advocated by Confucius is a well-off society. The basic characteristics of a well-off society are: the main road is hidden, "the world is home", "each close to his relatives, each son to his son, and the material resources are his own". In line with this inequality between the rich and the poor and the difference between high and low, a series of rules and regulations and ethics have emerged, "to be honest with kings and officials, to be honest with father and son, to be good with brothers, to be friendly with husband and wife", "to stand in the field, to be wise and brave to know", Accordingly, it is necessary to set up "Chengguo Gouchi as a solid". Therefore, "seeking to use is to do, and the army starts from this". This kind of society is obviously not as perfect as the "Datong" world, but it has normal order, courtesy, benevolence, faith and righteousness, so it is called a well-off society. In fact, this "post class" description of the "prosperous society" produced.

Confucius' ideal of a harmonious society and a well-off society has a far-reaching impact on later generations of China. Later, thinkers in different historical periods and stages put forward vision blueprints and goals with different contents. This thought also inspired progressive thinkers and reformers. Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Yat Sen were influenced by it.

The benevolent government advocated by Confucius in troubled times has no room to show, but in the three months of governing the state of Lu, the powerful state of Qi was also afraid of Confucius' talents, which shows that Confucius is worthy of the title of an outstanding politician.

Economic theory

The most important of Confucius' economic thought is the concept of justice and benefit, which emphasizes justice over benefit, and the thought of "enriching the people". This is also the main content of Confucian Economic Thought, which has a great impact on later generations.

Confucius' so-called "righteousness" is a kind of social moral code, "benefit" refers to people's pursuit of material interests. In the relationship between "righteousness" and "benefit", Confucius put "righteousness" in the primary position. He said, "think of righteousness in the light of profit." It is required that people should first consider how to comply with "righteousness" in the face of material interests. He believes that "righteousness is then taken", that is, only when it conforms to "righteousness", can it be obtained. Confucius even advocated in the Analects of Confucius Zi Han that "it is difficult to speak of benefit", that is, we should speak less of "benefit", but not without "benefit".

Confucius said, "unrighteousness, wealth and value are like floating clouds to me." Getting rich by doing things that are not in line with morality is like floating clouds, disdaining to get rich by unjust means. In his mind, righteousness is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between wealth and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. Confucius also believed that the attitude towards "righteousness" and "benefit" can distinguish between "gentleman" and "villain". A moral "gentleman" is easy to understand the importance of "righteousness", while a "villain" who lacks moral cultivation only knows "benefit" rather than "righteousness". This is what Confucius said in the Analects of Confucius: Li Ren: "a gentleman is compared to righteousness, and a villain is compared to profit".

Some people think that since Confucius emphasized "righteousness", he is bound to despise physical labor. This view is wrong. According to the Analects of Confucius, he was very dissatisfied with fan Chi, a disciple who wanted to learn from agriculture, and scolded him as a "villain", because Confucius believed that people should have greater ideals and pursuits and bear greater responsibilities. He wants his students to be bearers of value, not farmers.

Due to Confucius' conservative political attitude, the reform of the economic system also reflects the conservative thought. For example, the legal status of "public tax" was recognized in the early spring and Autumn period (594 A.D.); However, according to Zuo Zhuan, Kong Zixiu recorded the "initial tax Mu" in the spring and Autumn Period in order to criticize its "indecency". If the people are not rich, the monarch will not be rich. It is also recorded in the Analects of Confucius that Confucius advocated "benefiting the people for the benefit of the people", that is, doing what is beneficial to the people. On the other hand, he also advocated that taxes should be lighter and that the apportionment of corvee should not delay farming hours. According to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius also preached to the politicians at that time, asking them not to be too extravagant and to pay attention to frugality. He said: "extravagance is not inferior, frugality is solid. Rather than not inferior, it is solid." At the same time, it also advocates "saving and loving". This includes applying Confucius' thought of "benevolence" to the economic field.

Educational thought

Confucius first proposed in Chinese history that people's natural qualities are similar, and personality differences are mainly due to the influence of acquired education and social environment ("similar sex, far learning"). Therefore, everyone can be educated and everyone should be educated. He advocated "education without discrimination", founded private schools and widely recruited students, broke the monopoly of slave owners and nobles on school education, expanded the scope of education to civilians, and complied with the trend of social development at that time.

Confucius advocated that "learning makes you an official". If you have spare power after learning, you will become an official. The purpose of his education is to cultivate a gentleman in politics, and a gentleman must have high moral quality cultivation. Therefore, Confucius stressed that school education must put moral education in the primary position ("when a disciple enters, he will be filial, when he leaves, he will be fraternal, sincere and trustworthy, love the people, and be kind and benevolent. If he has spare power, he will study literature").

The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "ceremony" and "benevolence". Among them, "courtesy" is the code of ethics, and "benevolence" is the highest code of ethics. "Propriety" is the form of "benevolence", and "benevolence" is the content of "propriety". With the spirit of "benevolence", the "propriety" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he put forward the methods of establishing ambition, self-restraint, practicing, introspection, courage to change and so on.

"Learning to know" is the leading thought of Confucius' teaching thought. While advocating not being ashamed of asking questions and being open-minded and eager to learn, he stressed the combination of learning and thinking ("learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"), at the same time, we must "learn for application" and apply the learned knowledge to social practice.

In terms of teaching methods, Confucius asked teachers to adopt the educational concept of "teaching without class", "benefiting the world through the country", the methodology of "teaching students according to their aptitude" and "heuristic", and pay attention to children's enlightenment education. He taught students to have an honest learning attitude, be modest and eager to learn, and often review the knowledge they have learned, so as to "review the old and know the new", expand and deepen the extension of new knowledge, and "cite one instead of three". He first proposed heuristic teaching. "Don't be angry, don't be sentimental," he said It means that teachers should properly enlighten and enlighten students when they think seriously and have reached a certain level.

He was also the first educator to adopt the method of teaching students according to their aptitude in teaching practice. Through the methods of conversation and individual observation, he understood and was familiar with the personality characteristics of students. On this basis, he adopted different educational methods according to the specific situation of each student, and cultivated talents in virtue, speech, politics, literature and other aspects. Confucius loved education and engaged in educational activities all his life. He is never tired of learning and tireless in teaching. It not only teaches by words, but also pays more attention to personal teaching, so as to influence students with their own exemplary behavior. He cherishes and respects his students, and the relationship between teachers and students is very harmonious. He is a shining example of ancient Chinese teachers.

Confucius' educational activities not only trained many students, but also his educational theory based on practice laid a theoretical foundation for ancient Chinese education.

historical thought

One of the important propositions of Confucius' Thought on administering history is "straightness", that is, to study history, we should seek truth from facts. We should not only pay attention to the basis, but also "know what we know, and don't know what we don't know" (Analects of Confucius). He tried his best to oppose those arrogant people who are not straight, saying: "I don't know it if I am crazy but not straight, Dong but unwilling, and Dong but don't believe it." (Analects of Confucius · Taber) his consistent proposition is also reflected in his attitude towards history.

Confucius' view of governing history is not only reflected in his attitude and proposition of governing history, but also reflected in his view of historical development. Confucius believed that history is constantly "profit and loss". He said: "Yin can know the profit and loss due to Xia rites; Zhou can know the profit and loss due to Yin rites." (Analects of Confucius for politics) the Zhou Dynasty reached an unprecedented civilization on the basis of summarizing the Xia and Yin dynasties. History is not retrogressive, but catching up from behind. It is advancing and developing. Although this thought is very hazy, it is a valuable beginning of evolution in the history of Chinese historiography.

Aesthetic thought

The core of Confucius' aesthetic thought is the unity of "beauty" and "goodness", which is also the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated "poetry teaching", that is, combining literature and art with political morality, taking literature and art as a means to change society and politics and an important way to cultivate sentiment. And Confucius believed that a perfect person should cultivate himself in poetry, ceremony and music. Confucius' aesthetic thought has a great influence on later literary theory.

Confucius clearly put forward famous aesthetic propositions such as "beauty is in it" and "different people have different opinions" in the study of Yi. The Tong Zi Wen Yi, published by the people's publishing house, puts forward the concept of beauty on the basis of Yi Zong - the beauty of masculinity and softness; The beauty of life; The beauty of freedom; The beauty of neutralization. The beauty of yin and Yang is the beauty of life and freedom.

Speech works

Quotation compilation

Confucius' remarks are mainly recorded in the Analects of Confucius. The Analects of Confucius is one of the classics of the Confucian school, compiled by Confucius' disciples and their successors. It records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.

The Analects of Confucius, the University, the doctrine of the mean and Mencius were called "four books" after the Southern Song Dynasty. The current edition of the Analects of Confucius has a total of 20 chapters. The language of the Analects of Confucius is concise and concise, with profound meaning. Many of its remarks are still regarded as "small words and great meanings" by the world.

Document arrangement

In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to education, compiling poetry, book, ceremony, music, preface to the book of changes (called the ten wings of the book of changes, or Yi Chuan), and writing the spring and Autumn Annals. Later generations collectively call it the six classics.

Poetry creation

According to legend, Confucius wrote poems such as song of going to Lu, song of Squilla, tortoise mountain Cao, pan Cao, Yi Lan Cao, returning to Cao and song of getting Lin. Most of these poems are contained in the collection of Yuefu Poems, and their credibility is not high.

Educational practice

Political dissatisfaction made Confucius devote a large part of his energy to education. Confucius once served as Si Kou of the state of Lu, and later traveled around the world with his disciples. Finally, he returned to the state of Lu and devoted himself to teaching. Confucius broke the monopoly of education and created a pioneer in private learning. There were as many as 3000 disciples, among which the famous one was "72 sages". Many of the 72 people are the pillars of senior officials in various countries and have continued the brilliance of the Confucian school.

Confucius "has three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages". There are more than 70 people in the Scriptures

Domestic evaluation

Confucius disciple Yan Yuan: look up, drill hard, look ahead, suddenly look behind, and the master is tempting to follow. Bo Yiwen asked me to be polite and couldn't stop. (Analects of Confucius Zi Han)

Confucius disciple slaughtered me: to view the teacher with giving, virtue is far from Yao and shun. (Mencius Gongsun Chou Shang)

Confucius disciple Zigong: the sages of others can still surpass the hills: Zhongni, the sun and the moon can surpass without gain. (Analects of Confucius - Zizhang)

Mencius, a thinker in the Warring States period, said that Confucius had never been born since he was born. (Mencius Gongsun Chou Shang)

Xunzi, a thinker of the Warring States Period: Although the great Confucian is hidden in poverty, there is no place for improvement, and the king can't compete with him. He can use a hundred miles of land, but a country of thousands of miles can't compete with him. He can't beat and smash the violent country and unite the whole world, but can't pour... The heaven can't die, the earth can't be buried, the world of Jie and Zhi can't be polluted. It's not the ability of great Confucian to stand, so can Zhongni and Zigong. (Xunzi Confucianism)

Sima Qian, a historian and writer of the Han Dynasty, said in his poem: "when mountains rise, scenery stops." Although I can't reach it, I'm passionate about it. I read Kong's book and wanted to see him as a man. Suitable for Lu, he watched the chariots and ceremonial utensils in Zhongni temple. All students learned to salute their homes according to the time. The rest only returned to stay and could not go to the clouds. As for the kings of the world, there are many virtuous people. At that time, it was glorious, and if not, it was already Yan. Confucius' cloth clothes have been handed down for more than ten generations and are believed by scholars. Since the prince of heaven, the Chinese people who speak the six arts have compromised with the master, which can be said to be the most holy! (historical records)

Han Ying, the founder of Han poetics in the Han Dynasty: Confucius held the heart of sage, wandered in the realm of morality, carefree in the invisible countryside, depended on heaven, viewed human nature, always knew the gains and losses, so he promoted benevolence and righteousness... (Biography of Han Poetry)

Wang Chong, a thinker and literary theorist in the Han Dynasty, is the ancestor of Confucius' morality and the most outstanding among the scholars. (on balance and nature)

You Heng, a writer in Han Dynasty, is pure and wise. (Art and literature gathering volume 20 · Miheng of the later Han Dynasty (monument of Lu Fuzi)

Cao Pi: in the past, Zhongni had the talent of a great sage and cherished the tools of the emperor. At the end of the declining Zhou Dynasty, he had no luck to be ordered. In the dynasty of Lu and Wei, he taught Zhu and Si. He was sad, let alone Yan. He wanted to bend himself to save the world and demote himself to save the world. At that time, the king could not use it at the end. It was the ritual of withdrawing from the examination of the Five Dynasties and repairing the affairs of the king. It was made in the spring and Autumn period according to the history of Lu. It was the grand master who was right and elegant. After thousands of years, everyone would not listen to his writings, listen to his holiness, make plans and consult! It can be said to be the great saint of life and the teacher of hundreds of millions of years.

Lu Ji, a writer of the Jin Dynasty: Confucius is a sage, who is worthy of preaching the Tao, fan xuanliu, think about exploring God's treasures, cherish the Zhou Dynasty, Xing Yan Mo Zhi, have deeds in the soul, talk and observe canghao, the first commandments of clear songs, and the creation of Dan books. (Lu Ji Ji Ji Volume IX: Confucius praise)

Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty Li Shimin: what I like now is the way of Yao and Shun and the religion of Zhou and Confucius. Think that if a bird has wings, like a fish depends on the water. If you lose, you will die. Don't lose your ears for a while. (Zhenguan dignitaries)

Yang Jiong, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, said: the Dharma elephant is as big as heaven and earth, and the flexibility is as big as four seasons. Hanging like the Ming Dynasty, it is more than the sun and moon. It is more than saints to prepare things for use. (Volume IV of Yang Jiong)

Zhao Heng, Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty: his words are immortal, his teachings are boundless, his virtue is obvious, and his majesty is king su. The table of human relations is the outline of emperor Dao. (textual research on que Li literature Volume 38)

Cheng Hao, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty, said: to the same extent as Confucius, the Tao is as bright as the sun and the moon. (Er Cheng Ji · Henan Cheng's suicide note Volume I)

Zhu Xi, the acting scholar of the Song Dynasty: the sky does not give birth to Zhongni, which is as long as night through the ages. (Zhu Zi Yu Lei, volume 93)

Zhu Jianshen, Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty: the world of Confucius' way, such as cloth, silk, millet and beans, is indispensable for people's livelihood. (the imperial restoration of Confucius)

Chen Xianzhang, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said: only Confucius, the sage of our ancestors, is as high as heaven, as thick as earth, and as infinite as four seasons. (Jixian chapter Collection Volume I: records of Xiansheng temple in Xiangyang prefecture)

Wang Shouren, a philosopher and educator in the Ming Dynasty: the way of my husband and son began with the micro of being cautious and independent, and finally became the counselor of chemical education; Travel in daily use, and reach far away from the country and the world. (complete works of Wang Wencheng, Tianyu, Volume 31)

AI xinjueluo Xuanye, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty: the most holy way goes hand in hand with the sun and the moon and moves with heaven and earth. Emperors and emperors all over the world learn from it. They catch Gongqing, scholars and common people without leading them. (notes to the daily life of Kangxi · November 18, 23)

Kang Youwei, leader of the modern bourgeois reform movement, said: Confucius is the only one who is supreme and upright and pays special attention to humanity. (the speech of Jinan universal moral Conference)... Who is the national soul of China? It's just the teaching of Confucius.

Sun Yat Sen, pioneer of modern democratic revolution and bourgeois revolutionist: Confucius and Mencius advocated civil rights more than 2000 years ago. Confucius said: the trip to the great road is also for the public, which is the Great Harmony World advocating civil rights. (selected works of Sun Yat Sen)

Cai Yuanpei, a modern democratic revolutionary and educator: Confucius' knowledge, articles and political undertakings are as bright as the sun and the moon and as bright as the stars. The fruit is a teacher for all ages. (speech at the religious freedom Conference)

Liang Qichao, a modern bourgeois reformist: Confucius shows his greatness in his personality and in his commonness. He can't be inferior to this, and so can he learn If Confucius has not come to China for a thousand years, Gou will not return to China After Socrates, there is Socrates; After Confucius, there is no Confucius. (Biography of the world's great men, Chapter 1: Confucius)

Qian Wenxuan, a modern scholar: the civilization of China is actually based on the morality of Confucius... Confucius, which is highly worshipped by the world and has an eternal value, that is, Western missionaries, also believe that Confucius can surpass all religions in modern times From the perspective of the world, it can be concluded that although thousands of years later, Confucius ethics should still be preserved, and if we indulge or despise and betray, there will be no more Chinese culture! (complete works of scholars and Qing Dynasty: the relationship between Confucius ethics and the universal self-cultivation Conference)

Chen Duxiu, founder of the Communist Party of China: Science and democracy are the two main driving forces for the progress of human society. Confucius is close to science without talking about gods and monsters. (Confucius and China)

Liu Yizheng, a modern historian: Confucius is the center of Chinese culture. Without Confucius, there is no Chinese culture. The culture of thousands of years before Confucius depends on Confucius, and the culture of thousands of years after Confucius depends on Confucius. (history of Chinese Culture)

Du Guoxiang, a historian of modern thought: Confucius was not only the founder of Confucianism, but also the first educator who taught openly in the history of Chinese education. He was the first to popularize the knowledge of poetry, calligraphy, rites and music, which was proprietary to the ancient clan aristocracy, regardless of the origin of scholars, and implemented "education without distinction" to turn Official Learning into private learning. (a summary of the thoughts of various schools of thought in the pre Qin period)

Chinese proletarian revolutionist, politician, strategist and theorist Mao Zedong: from Confucius to Sun Yat Sen, we should summarize and inherit this precious heritage. This is of great help in guiding the current great movement. (the Anti Japanese national war and the new stage of the development of the Anti Japanese national united front)

Liang Shuming, a modern educator and philosopher: the only important attitude of Confucius is not to care about interests And play into the fashion of the Chinese people, which is the special color of Chinese culture. (Eastern and Western culture and Philosophy) Confucius opened up an endless future because he grasped the deeper part of human life as a basis. He is "extremely wise and the doctrine of the mean"... The last of China's national self-help movement. He feels that the value of Confucius theory must be discovered and recognized by mankind one day, and then focus on the world. (heavy light of Confucius Theory)

Cao Qing: relying on Confucianism and Confucius, the reputation is spread. Yuanye Taishan, Shandong wide area.

International evaluation

Kim Il soo, a Korean scholar: Confucius is a sage of all ages and the founder of Oriental knowledge and philosophy. (collected works of the Symposium on the 2540th anniversary of Confucius' birth)

Ito Renzhai, founder of the ancient Japanese School: the virtue of the master is actually super maiqun saint, and the way of the master is higher than heaven and earth. (ancient meaning of the Analects of Confucius)

Japanese scholar Jing Inoue: Confucius is not only the sage of Chinese culture, but also the teacher of all mankind. (Confucius)

Japanese scholar Yoshiro yasushima: Confucius is a great man among great men and a saint among saints. (examination of various schools of thought)

Japanese scholar Jianye Daoming: since ancient times, the Analects of Confucius has been regarded as the supreme Scripture. From the emperors of previous dynasties to the ordinary people in the market, they always pay attention to tirelessness. (Proceedings of Confucius 2540th anniversary and Symposium)

Emerson, an American poet, philosopher and thinker: "Confucius is the philosophical Washington", "Confucius is the center of Chinese culture and Confucius is the glory of all nationalities in the world." (Confucius knowledge dictionary)

American scholar Gan Lin: Confucius is not only a saint of one country, but also a saint of all countries. (records of respecting Confucius in previous dynasties · combined engraving of Confucian external theory)

British missionary Timothy Lee: the most famous state of China's Enlightenment has existed for thousands of years. I think it is the merit of Confucius. Although I am a member of the Jesuit religion, I am happy to hear about the way of Confucius. (the external theory part of the book of respecting Confucius in previous dynasties

British philosopher and mathematician Russell: Chinese culture is based on the theory of Confucius Confucius' theory is related to the establishment of a great Chinese Empire. (on the concept of happiness between the East and the West) China must not blindly adopt European culture. Time has changed, but it can be changed slightly if China's old civilization is not suitable for today. Europeans all say that China is not like Confucianism, and Chinese morality will go bankrupt. I agree with that. The most important thing for China is not the absorption of western culture, but the revival of the old civilization in the East. Chinese academia was well prepared two thousand years ago. If it is sorted out and revived, it will affect the world and be extremely great. It must make a special contribution to the world. Finally, China may become the center of culture. (records of respecting Confucius in previous dynasties · combined engraving of Confucian external theory)

British scholar Pei Situo: if we stay out of all religions and try to find the truth of all religions and compare them, it must be suitable for our recent spiritual life and go hand in hand with the evolution of civilization. However, from the perspective of comparison, Confucianism really has a special point of beauty (on Confucianism)

British historical philosopher tonby: the only theory that can help solve the world problems in the 21st century is the theory of Confucius and Mencius in China.

Joseph Needham, a British historian of Science: Confucius is the "uncrowned emperor".

French scholar Voltaire: the East found a wise man. I be absorbed in reading these works of Confucius, and I have learned the essence from it. Confucius's books are all the purest morality. The most happy and respectable age on this planet is the era when people respect Confucius's laws and regulations, and morally, Europeans should become disciples of Chinese people.

German philosopher Leibniz: warmly praise Confucianism.

Johnston, the English teacher of Xuantong emperor Puyi: China's political and religious culture is based on Confucianism... No matter how beautiful foreign teachers are, they can't stand in China with Confucianism. (see Yang Huanying's dissemination and influence of Confucius thought abroad)

Debate on righteousness and benefit

There is a law in the state of Lu. If Lu people see their compatriots suffer misfortune and become slaves in foreign countries, they can get monetary compensation and rewards from the state as long as they can redeem these people and help them restore their freedom.

Zi Gong, a student of Confucius, redeemed the people of the state of Lu from foreign countries, but did not receive money from the state. Confucius said, "gift (Duanmu gift, i.e. Zi Gong) , you're wrong! What saints do can be used to change the folk customs and secular customs, and teaching can be taught to the people, not just to benefit their own behavior. Now Lu Guofu has fewer people and more poor people. It won't hurt you to receive compensation from the state; But without receiving compensation, no one in the state of Lu will redeem his dead compatriots. "

Zilu, another student of Confucius, rescued a drowning man. In order to express his gratitude, the rescued sent him a cow, which Zilu accepted. Confucius said happily, "the people of Lu will have the courage to save the drowning people from now on."

Confucius asked Li

According to "Confucius' family language · observing Zhou", Confucius said to his disciple Nangong Jingshu, "I heard that Zhou zhishou has a long history of the Tibetan room, knows the past and the present, knows the source of etiquette and music, and understands the needs of morality. Now I want to go to Zhou for advice, would you like to go with me?" Nangong Jingshu readily agreed and immediately reported to Lu Jun. Lu Jun will go. Send a cart, two horses, one child and one royal to accompany Confucius from Uncle Nangong.

Confucius visits music

Confucius' visit to Changhong is to say that Confucius, the world-famous "Dacheng supreme sage", visited the historical facts of Changhong in 518 BC with questions about the decline of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the collapse of rites and bad music. The virtuous officials of the Zhou Dynasty and the empress of the Zhou Dynasty, who were loyal to the emperor and the people of the Zhou Dynasty, were deeply respected by the virtuous officials of the Zhou Dynasty. Its spirit of "blue blood and red heart" is an important part of the spirit of the Chinese nation.

It is recorded in the book of observing the Zhou Dynasty that "in the Zhou Dynasty, I asked about rites in laodan, visited Changhong, went through the places of suburban communities, examined the rules of Mingtang, and observed the degrees of temples and dynasties, so I sighed and said, I know the saint of the Duke of Zhou and the king of the Zhou Dynasty today..." at the beginning, I summarized the main activities of Confucius in the whole Zhou Dynasty with these five sentences of "one question", "two visits", "three calendars", "four examinations" and "five inspections". Finally, a more concise language expounds Confucius's great harvest of adapting to Zhou, saying "I am the saint of the Duke of Zhou and the king of Zhou". "Observing Zhou" listed "asking courtesy to Lao Dan" and "visiting Chang Hong" in the front of the article, which shows that Confucius' visit to Chang Hong in Chengzhou is a fact.

Confucius studied piano

Confucius was very modest in his study, especially hard. Once Confucius followed his teacher Xiang to learn drums and harps. The title of the song is "King Wen Cao". Confucius practiced hard for many days. Shixiangzi said, "it's OK." Confucius said, "I have mastered the playing method of this song, but I haven't got the number."

After practicing for many more days, shixiangzi said, "yes, you're already there." But Confucius still said, "no, you don't get it."

After a considerable time, Shi Xiangzi thought it was really OK this time, but Confucius still thought he didn't play the music well.

Finally, Confucius realized the connotation of Qin music through repeated research. He didn't stop until he saw the image of King Wen expressed in the music.

Confucius Xiangshi

According to the historical records, one day Confucius traveled around the world in a carriage and came to a place. He saw a child sitting in a "city" surrounded by earth. Confucius asked, "why don't you run away when you see the carriage?"

The child replied, "people say that you, Mr. Kong, know astronomy, geography and human relations. However, I don't see you very well today. Because since ancient times, I only heard that cars avoid cities. How can cities avoid cars?"

Confucius was stunned and asked, "what's your name?" The child replied, "my name is Xiang Ligularia." In order to save face, Confucius came up with a series of problems to embarrass Xiang Ligularia, but they were skillfully solved by Xiang Ligularia.

Confucius felt that the child was knowledgeable and could not even argue with him. He had to give a long sigh, bend down and kindly say to Xiang Ligularia, "the younger generation is terrible. I should worship you as a teacher." He turned back and said to his disciples, "there must be my teacher in the line of three. Don't be ashamed to ask questions."

The Three Character Classic, written by Wang Yinglin, a great Confucian scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, advised posterity to say: "Xi Zhongni, a teacher of Xiang Ligularia, an ancient sage, is diligent." Cover out of this.

Book collection ancestor

Confucius returned to the state of Lu at the age of 68 and began to sort out books and classics. Especially in his later years, his main energy was spent on collating and sorting out classics. Confucius was the earliest book arranger in China. It is said that he sorted out the book of songs, Shangshu and other documents, deleted and revised the spring and autumn written by Lu Shiguan, and became the first chronological historical work in China.

In sorting out the documents, Confucius established the bibliographic method of revealing the "preface" and "expressing the meaning" of the documents. Writing a preface to the poem and the book, or attaching it to the back of the book, or at the beginning of the book, or issuing a separate line, plays an important role in revealing the content of the literature. The six arts, which Confucius arranged books, had a great influence on the bibliographic classification of bielu and qilue by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin in the Han Dynasty.

Through the national collection of books, Confucius learned about the institutions and history of Yu, Xia, Shang and Thursday dynasties. His collection of books mainly includes poetry, book, ceremony, music, spring and autumn, etc. "Gongyang exegesis" recorded that Confucius "made Zixia and other 14 people save the historical records of Zhou and obtained 120 national treasure books", which shows that when compiling the six classics, he widely collected classics from various countries. Therefore, later, "in the disciples of the hall where they lived, later generations hid Confucius' clothes, Qin, cars and books in the temple".

Experimental apparatus

According to Xunzi Yuzuo: "Confucius looked at the temple of Duke Huan of Lu and said, 'why is this instrument?' Confucius asked the temple keeper: 'this cover is the instrument of forgiveness for sitting.' Confucius said: 'when I heard the instrument of forgiveness for sitting, it will be empty, the middle will be correct, and the full will be covered.' Confucius said to his younger brother's son, 'how can I inject water.' his disciples pumped water and injected it, and the fruit will be correct, full and covered, and empty and empty. Confucius sighed and sighed: 'call ！ Those who are full of evil but do not cover it! "

The meaning of forgiveness and right is the same as that of Yu. The meaning of persuasion and encouragement is to sit together. In ancient times, people had no tables and chairs and could only sit on the ground. The front is the table, and the commonly used items are placed on the right. Therefore, the right side of the seat is the place of frequent attention.

Forgiveness is the motto. The bottom of the utensil is pointed. It has one characteristic: when empty, it can only be placed askew, that is, "emptiness is emptiness"; When about half of the water is injected, it can be placed correctly, that is, "middle is right"; But the water injection should not be too full. If there is too much water, it will automatically turn over on the side and pour out all the water. This is "full coverage". Cudgel is a common name for it. When people use its characteristics to endow it with cultural connotation, they give it a nickname called Yu Zuo.

Zhushaozhengmao

Shao Zhengmao and Confucius were at the same time. Confucius's disciples have three profits and three deficiencies. When Confucius was a big Siku, he sentenced Shao Zhengmao to death and killed him outside the palace gate. Zigong said to Confucius, "Shao Zhengmao is a famous man in the state of Lu. Would it be inappropriate for you to kill him, teacher?"

Confucius said: "People have five kinds of sins, and theft is a little better: the first is that they have a clear mind and are sinister, the second is that they behave perversely and stubbornly, the third is that their words are hypocritical and move people's hearts, the fourth is to remember injustice, more and more, and the fifth is to take it for granted in response to mistakes. If an ordinary person has one of these five sins, he will inevitably be killed by a gentleman, but less Zhengmao has five kinds of evil deeds at the same time. He is the traitor among villains. He must be killed. "

Historical records, Volume IV, the 17th of Confucius family

The Analects of Confucius

sacrifice

In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, natural disasters occurred frequently and social unrest occurred. Confucianist Mei Fu believed that this was due to the failure to properly arrange the sacrifice to Confucius, so God was angry. The imperial court accepted Mei Fu's proposal and granted Confucius the offspring of Shang Tang to continue the sacrifice of the former king. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucius was officially regarded as the public God of the country, and its status was the same as that of the country God.

The Tang Dynasty ordered every county to build temples to worship Confucius. There are two big sacrifices in spring and autumn every year, and two small sacrifices on the first and fifteenth days of each month. At first, the great sacrifice was presided over by academic officials, and later presided over by local officials. After the Tang Dynasty, the status of Confucius was continuously improved, and the titles of Confucius were also increasing. In the Qing Dynasty, Confucius' sacrifice once became a "great sacrifice" at the same level as God and the country's ancestral God. In 1906, under the situation that the Qing government used Confucius to clean up the hearts of the people, the Confucian temple in the capital was upgraded from middle worship to great worship. Confucius was the only one with this honor for ever.

After Confucius became a national God, the religious status of Confucianism also improved accordingly. The Tang Dynasty set up a system for Confucius to "follow the sacrifice", that is, accompany and enjoy the sacrifice. The first person selected to accompany Confucius was 22 Confucians who made great contributions to the annotation of Confucian classics. Later, it was extended to all Confucius' disciples and famous Confucians of previous dynasties.

In the Song Dynasty, the system of sacrifice was gradually completed. The top four are called "four matches". They are Yan Hui, Zeng Shen, Zisi and Meng Ke. The second is the "ten philosophers", the ten outstanding disciples of Confucius. "Virtue: Yan Yuan, min Ziqian, ran boniu, Zhong Gong. Speech: kill me, Zi Gong. Politics: ran you, Ji Lu. Literature: Zi you, Zi Xia." Thirdly, the "sages" offered sacrifices to the disciples who personally received the teachings of Confucius. Finally, the "pre Confucianism" offered sacrifices to the best Confucians of all dynasties after Confucius' disciples. Later Confucians also regarded it as the highest honor to enter the Confucius Temple after death. In addition, the Confucius Temple has a special memorial hall dedicated to the ancestors of Confucius in the last five generations, and the father of the four matching scholars and the father of Zhou, Zhang, Cheng, song and CAI in the Song Dynasty.

Confucian Temple

Confucius Temple, namely Confucius Temple, is a temple building to commemorate and sacrifice Confucius. Among the types of ancient Chinese architecture, it is the most prominent one and an extremely important part of ancient Chinese cultural heritage.

There are more than 2000 Confucius temples in China, North Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and other countries, of which more than 1600 are in China, while only more than 300 are well preserved in China, and 21 are listed in the national key cultural relics protection units.

Since the Han Dynasty, the activities of offering sacrifices to Confucius continued, and Confucius temples were gradually built in various places. Among them, the Confucius temple located in the South Gate of Qufu City, Shandong Province is the temple. In addition, there are Confucius temples in Fuzhou, Beijing, Quzhou, Deyang and other places.

Qufu Confucian Temple

Qufu Confucius Temple was first built in the 42nd year of King Jing of Zhou Dynasty (479 BC). It is the first temple to offer sacrifices to Confucius. It is the original Temple of Confucius Temple. Taking the former residence of Confucius as the temple and built according to the specifications of the Imperial Palace, this temple is one of the four ancient architectural complexes in China and occupies an important position in the history of world architecture. In December 1994, Qufu Confucius Temple, Confucius forest and Confucius Mansion were selected into the world heritage list according to the selection criteria C (I) (IV) (VI) of world cultural heritage. Qufu Confucius Temple is not only a national ritual temple, but also a family temple of the Confucius family. Therefore, it also worships the wife of Confucius, the mother of Confucius, the descendants of Confucius and the 43 generations of Zhongxing ancestor of the Confucius family.

Nanzong Confucian Temple

Nanzong Confucius Temple is one of the only two Confucius family temples left in China. It is located in Xinqiao street, Fushan street, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.

In the early years of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty, the north had been occupied by the Jin people. Confucius' 48th grandson Xifeng Yan Shenggong Kong Duanyou and his uncle Kong Chuan decided to take some people and two treasures, Kaimu statue and holy statue monument of Confucius and Qi Guan's wife, to the south. After the Confucius family moved south to Quzhou, there was no temple to worship their ancestors. They invited the court of the Southern Song Dynasty to build a family temple and worship Confucius and other ancestors. In the first year of Baoyou (1253), song LiZong allocated funds to build the Confucius Temple. But this family temple was destroyed after the yuan soldiers.

The existing family temple was built in the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty and consists of Confucius Temple, Confucius Mansion, back garden and Silu Pavilion. Most of the buildings are modeled on the Confucius Temple in Qufu, and weisilu Pavilion is the first. Silu pavilion was carefully designed and built by the descendants of Confucius of Nanzong to express their thoughts on Qufu, Shandong and their families. It is to warn the descendants of Confucius not to forget their hometown.

Kong Lin

Kong Lin is a key cultural relics protection unit in China, also known as zhishenglin. Kong Lin is the cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. Located in the north of Qufu City, it covers an area of more than 3000 mu. It is the largest, longest lasting and best preserved clan tombs and artificial gardens in China.

After Confucius died, his disciples buried him on the Surabaya in the north of Lucheng. At that time, it was still "Tomb rather than grave" (no high soil uplift). In the Qin and Han Dynasties, although the tombs were built high, there were still only a small number of cemeteries and several forest guards. Later, with the increasing status of Confucius, the scale of Confucius forest became larger and larger. It was listed in the world heritage list in December 1994.

Confucius Mansion

Confucius' mansion is located in Qufu City and to the east of Confucius Temple. It is the residence of Confucius' direct descendants, namely Yansheng mansion. It was built in the 10th year of Hongwu (1377), rebuilt and expanded in the 16th year of Hongzhi (1503), and expanded in the 18th year of Daoguang (1838). In the 11th year of Guangxu's reign (1885), seven buildings of the house burned down were rebuilt. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the people's government has allocated funds for renovation for many times. Now it is well preserved and is a national key cultural relics protection unit. It was listed in the world cultural heritage list by UNESCO in 1994.

The Confucius Mansion covers an area of 75000 square meters, with nine courtyards and 463 buildings and halls. Three way layout: in front of the middle road is the government office, with three halls and six halls, followed by the inner house, with front upper room, front and rear hall buildings, auxiliary building, rear five rooms, and finally the garden. The east road is the east school, with family temple, muen hall, etc. The west road is western learning, including hongcalyx Pavilion, Zhongshu hall, an Huai hall, north-south flower hall, etc.

ancestral hall

Confucius returning home temple is located in wanggonglou village, six kilometers north of Xiayi County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province. Confucius' ancestors were from the Song Dynasty in the spring and Autumn period, and his ancestral residence and ancestral tombs are still here. In the second year of King Xi of Zhou Dynasty (680 BC), there was civil strife in the state of song. Uncle Kong Fang, the great ancestor of Confucius, ran to Lu to avoid chaos. When Confucius became an adult, he knew that wanggonglou village in Xiayi was his ancestral home and often went back to Xiayi to worship the provincial Tomb of his ancestors, so he called this place "returning home". Later generations thought and set up a temple to worship it, so it was named "returning home Temple".

Confucius returning home temple was built in the early Tang Dynasty. Its shape is similar to that of a Confucian temple. It faces south and has one wall, one altar, two halls, four doors and a forest of steles. During the reign of emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, Kong Liangfu and Kong Yanfu, the 45th generation grandsons of Confucius, settled here from Qufu and repaired and expanded the Confucius return home temple. Before the golden altar, it was erected again. In the first year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, the Chongsheng temple was built.

Movies

The 1940 Film Confucius starred Tang huaiqiu and Confucius

The 1985 Film Confucius was played by Cao Jiande

The 2010 Film Confucius is played by Chow Yun fat

The 1990 TV series Confucius was played by Wang Huachun

In the 2011 TV series "Confucius spring and Autumn", Zhu Gang and riyao played Confucius

In the 2011 TV play Confucius, Zhao Wenxiang played Confucius

In 2012, Zeng Guocheng played Confucius in the drama "wisdom wins fresh teachers"

other

Large original national dance drama Confucius

Domestic cartoon Confucius

On September 28, 1989, China issued "the 2540th anniversary of the birth of Confucius j162m (small sheet)" to commemorate the birth of Confucius