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Li Xian (January 29, 655 - March 13, 684) was born in Chengji County, Gansu Province. He was the sixth son of Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi and the second son of Empress Wu Zetian.

He was born in the fifth year of Yonghui (January 655) and was granted the title of King Lu at the beginning. Wang Bo, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, served as the prince's assistant. Li Zhi, his father, loved him for his handsome appearance, dignified manners and quick thinking. In 675, after the sudden death of Prince Li Hong, he became the crown prince. During this period, he supervised the country three times, which was praised by Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, supported by the government and the public, and suspected by Empress Wu. In 680, he was banished to Bazhou. In the first year of civilization (684), after Wu Zetian abolished the rule of the emperor, she was forced to commit suicide for Qiu Shenji, a cruel official. She was only 29 years old.

In the first year of chuigong (685), the emperor of Yong regained the throne. In 706, Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty gave a gift to situ Guanjue, who was buried in Qianling with prince's ceremony. In the second year of Jingyun (711) of emperor Ruizong of Tang Dynasty, he was posthumously named Prince Zhanghuai and buried with his wife Fang. He once called on civil servants to annotate the book of the later Han Dynasty, which is called "Zhang Huai's Annotation" in history, and has high historical value. He has written many books, such as the rise of the monarch and the minister, the spring palace and the cultivation of morality.

Life of the characters

Prince period

Li Xian, the sixth son of Li Zhi and the second son of Wu Zetian, was born on December 17, 655, when his parents worshipped Emperor Taizong's Zhaoling.

Yonghui six years (656) canonized as the king of Lu.

In the first year of Xianqing (656), Li Zhong, the crown prince, was abolished and changed to Li Hong, the eldest son of Empress Wu. Li Xianqian was appointed governor of Qizhou, and was appointed governor of Yongzhou and Youzhou in the same year.

In the first year of longshuo (661), he was renamed King Pei. He was also the governor of Yangzhou and the general of zuowuwei. He was still the herdsman of Yongzhou.

In the second year of longshuo (662), he was the governor of Yangzhou.

In the second year of Linde (665), he joined the right guard general.

In the third year of Xianheng (672), he changed his name to Li De, and was granted the title of King Yong. He was granted the title of commander of Liangzhou Dadu, commander of Yongzhou Mu and commander of Youwei. Shishi was granted the title of 1000 households.

In the first year of the Shang Yuan Dynasty (674), it was still named Li Xian.

When Li Xian grew up, he was handsome and dignified, which won the admiration of Emperor Gaozong. Tang Gaozong once said to Sikong Liji, "this child has read Shangshu, Liji and Analects of Confucius and recited more than ten ancient poems. He can understand them at a glance and will never forget them. I asked him to read the Analects of Confucius, and he read "the virtuous and the virtuous change their color" and read it again and again. I asked why he read it repeatedly. He said that he loved this sentence in his heart. Only then did he know that the child's intelligence came from his nature. "

In the first year of Qianfeng (666), Li Xian, the Pei king, recruited Wang Bo, one of the "four outstanding men of the early Tang Dynasty", to be the editor of the palace. Two years later, Li Xian and his younger brother, Li Xian, fought with each other and Wang Bo wrote the article "calling the king's chicken". Gao Zong was very angry when he heard that. He thought that this move provoked the two kings to fight, so he expelled them from the palace.

Prince period

In the second year of the Shang Yuan Dynasty (675), Li Hong, the crown prince, died suddenly, and Li Xian succeeded. Soon, Emperor Gaozong ordered Li Xian to stay in Chang'an. Li Xian's clear and fair handling of government affairs was praised by the imperial court. Li Xian recruited scholars at that time, such as Zhang Da'an, Liu Nayan, Ge Xiyuan, Xu Shuya, Cheng Xuanyi, Shi ZangJie and Zhou Baoning, to annotate Fan Ye's post Han Shu. After the completion of the book, it was presented to Gaozong and collected in the Imperial Palace cabinet.

In the first year of Yifeng (676), Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty issued an imperial edict to praise Li Xian: "the crown prince has not been in prison for a long time, but he has paid close attention to government affairs, caressed the people, and carefully examined the criminal law. In addition to government affairs, he was able to concentrate on studying the classics of sages and understand the profound meaning. The book of the first king can study the essence. Good, good and upright is the hope of our country, which is deeply in my mind. I will give you five hundred pieces of silk. "

When Li Xian was the crown prince, his relationship with Empress Wu was tense. At that time, Ming Chongyan, a warlock, was deeply trusted by Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu. He once said to Empress Wu that "the crown prince could not be inherited, and the appearance of King Ying (Li Xian, the third son of Empress Wu) was similar to that of Emperor Taizong". He also said that "King Xiang (Li Dan, the youngest son of Empress Wu) was the most expensive". After hearing this, Li Xian was deeply disgusted. At that time, there was a rumor in the palace that "Li Xian was not born to Empress Wu, but the elder sister of Empress Wu, the wife of Korea, and the son of Emperor Gaozong.". Li xiandun was suspicious and afraid. Wu Hou sent Shaoyang Zhengfan and Xiaozi Zhuan to Li Xian to blame him for not knowing how to be a son and a prince. He also wrote letters to rebuke him personally, which made Li Xian more and more uneasy.

To be a commoner

In the fourth year of Yifeng (679), Ming Chongyan was killed by robbers, but he could not catch the murderer. Empress Wu therefore suspected that it was the prince.

In the second year of diaolu (680), Empress Wu sent someone to expose the prince's conspiracy. Hundreds of armor were found in the East Palace stables as evidence of rebellion, and Xue Yuanchao, Peiyan and Gao Zhizhou were ordered to handle the case. Gaozong always loved Li Xian and wanted to forgive him. But Empress Wu said, "when you are a son, you have a rebellious mind. You should do justice to your relatives, but you can't forgive them." As a result, Li Xian failed to clear his guilt and was abandoned as a common man and imprisoned in Chang'an. The collected armor was burned at Tianjin bridge to make it known to the world. Zhang Da'an and Liu Nayan, the prince's close ministers, were demoted and exiled. Gao Zheng was lynched by his family. Li Ming, the king of Cao, was implicated and eventually killed. More than ten people sat in company.

Zizhitongjian records an episode about the prince's incident: Li Xianping has a good voice every day. Zhao Daosheng, the slave of the family, is a man's pet and gives him more gold and silk. Wei Chengqing, an official of the eastern palace, wrote a letter to persuade him not to listen. After the prince incident, Zhao Daosheng confessed that it was the prince who ordered him to assassinate Ming Chongyan. However, according to the records of the old book of Tang Dynasty, Wei Chengqing once offered "Yu Shan Zhen" to admonish the crown prince to be close to the virtuous and far away from the villain. After hearing this, the crown prince said, "if you are kind, you will give something very thick." He not only recognized the admonition, but also rewarded Wei Chengqing. Up to now, the truth that the crown prince was abolished is still lack of credible historical evidence.

In the second year of Yongchun (683), Li Xian, a commoner who had been imprisoned for several years, was exiled to the remote Bazhou. When he left, his wife, children and servants were very desolate. For this reason, the Crown Prince Li Xian wrote to the empress, imploring her to show mercy and give her spring and winter clothes.

Forced to commit suicide

In the first year of civilization (684), Emperor Gaozong died and Emperor Zhongzong Li Xian succeeded to the throne. But only a month later, he was deposed by Empress Wu and established Ruizong Li Dan. Empress Wu took control of the government. Soon afterwards, he ordered general Qiu Shenji of Zuojin Wuwei to search Li Xian's house in Bazhou in case of potential rebellion. When Qiu Shenji arrived in Bazhou, he imprisoned Li Xian and forced him to commit suicide. He was only 29 years old. After learning of Li Xian's death, Wu Zetian once mourned at Xianfu gate in Luoyang and denounced Qiu Shenji, but it was soon reopened.

Pursue the title after death

In the first year of chuigong (685), Empress Wu ordered the restoration of the throne of Li Xianyong.

In the early years of the Dragon (705), Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Xian, was restored to the throne and sent envoys to Bazhou to welcome back Li Xian's coffin and bury him as a prince in the Qianling mausoleum.

In the second year of Jingyun (711), Emperor Ruizong of Tang Dynasty added the status of Prince Li Xianhuang with the posthumous title of "Zhanghuai". He was buried in the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai with his imperial concubine Fang.

Character evaluation

Prince Zhang Huai is a well-known and miserable prince in Chinese history. In terms of birth, he is the only son of two emperors in Chinese history. Although his eldest brother, his mother, did not ascend the throne, he was chased and respected as the "emperor of filial piety" after his death. His two younger brothers are Tang Zhongzong and Tang Ruizong, and his younger sister is Princess Taiping, who was in power for a while. It can be said that Li Xian lived in a real imperial family, which also doomed him to be involved in political struggle and unable to escape the tragic fate.

In terms of talent, Li Xian was one of the best princes in the Tang Dynasty. In his twenties, he had been able to summon the outstanding scholars of the Empire to annotate the obscure book of the later Han Dynasty, and his own comments were called "Zhang Huai Zhu" by later generations, which had great significance in literature and history. As the crown prince, Li Xian had been in charge of the country three times, and was praised by Emperor Gaozong and supported by many ministers. It can be seen that this young crown prince is worthy of great responsibility and is a qualified successor to the Empire. However, at that time, when his mother Empress Wu was proud of politics, the mother and son were suspicious of each other and had many disagreements. Empress Wu reproached the prince many times by letter, but there was a rumor in the palace that the prince was not born to Empress Wu. In the end, the prince was not spared and became the victim of political struggle.

For thousands of years, there is no agreement on the death of Prince Zhang Huai. The two books of the Tang Dynasty suggest that the prince was framed and killed by Empress Wu. In the old book of the Tang Dynasty, biographies of the masters of Emperor Gaozong, it is commented that "the emperor of the Tang Dynasty was virtuous, Zhang Huai was the most benevolent, and his mother was afraid of the Ming Dynasty He called the prince a filial son with high moral character, refuted his accusation of unfilial treason and implied that the prince was wrongly killed. The unearthed epitaphs also imply that the prince was wrongly killed, but there is no direct cause of death. Guo Moruo once put forward his own view that Zhang Huai's death had nothing to do with Empress Wu, but was done by Pei Yan, the prime minister at that time, to seize power.

In a word, no matter how or by whom the prince was killed, he died in the struggle for the supreme power of the Empire and the resulting hatred and conspiracy can be generally confirmed. Since ancient times, in order to win the throne, fratricidal brothers, father and son turned against each other happened from time to time, which was also the cruelty of feudal rule in ancient times.

personal works

Three volumes of the story of the prime minister

Ten volumes of "spring palace (East Palace) yaolu" (lost)

Ten volumes of essentials of self cultivation (lost)

The annotation of Houhanshu (now called zhanghuaizhu) is an important historical material for studying Houhanshu. Wang Xianqian, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, praised that "Zhang Huaizhi's annotation model is no less than Yan Jian's annotation class", and compared Li Xian's annotation with Yan shigu's annotation of Ban Gu's Hanshu, which is highly praised.)

Family members

grandparent

Grandfather: Tang Taizong Li Shimin

Grandmother: the eldest empress of wendeshun

parent

father

Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty

mother

The Empress Wu of Tianshun

Chinese PinYin : Li Xian