Islam

Islamism

Islam, together with Buddhism and Christianity, is one of the world's three major religions. In China, it was called "Da Shi Fa", "Da Shi Jiao Du", "Tian Fang Jiao" and "Hui Jiao". The Arabic transliteration of Islam originally means "obedience" and "peace". People who believe in Islam are collectively referred to as "Muslims" (meaning "followers"). It originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century and was created by Muhammad (about 570-632) of Mecca. It mainly spread in Asia and Africa, especially in West Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Since the 20th century, it has spread to varying degrees in some areas of Western Europe, North America and South America. It has a history of more than 1400 years since it was founded. As a religious belief, ideology and cultural system, it has been introduced to all parts of the world and interacted with the local traditional culture. Under different historical conditions, it has affected the social development, political structure, economic form, cultural fashion, ethics and lifestyle of many countries and nationalities to varying degrees Ring. According to statistics, there are about 1.6 billion Muslims in the world (in 2018), accounting for 23.4% of the total world population in the same period. In more than 40 Islamic countries in Asia and Africa, Muslims account for the majority of the total population. Some countries regard Islam as the state religion.

Create and spread history

From the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century, the Arabian Peninsula was in a period of great changes, in which primitive clans and tribes disintegrated and class society formed. Due to the difference of natural environment, the social, economic and political development of the peninsula is extremely unbalanced. The residents of the peninsula are mainly Bedouin people who live on nomadism. They are divided into many clans and tribes. Each clan has its own side and lives by water and grass. They often fight for pasture, water and land. After years of war, social unrest, stagnation of production, intensified class division within the clan, tribal nobles came into being. They occupied a large number of oases and grasslands, had many slaves and livestock, and a large number of nomads were on the verge of bankruptcy. The Hijaz area along the coast of the Red Sea on the peninsula has been an important commercial artery for trade between the East and the West since ancient times. Located in the north-south traffic center of Gushang Road, Mecca has developed into a prosperous commercial town for the benefit of transit trade. The commercial nobles of Mecca gulesh tribe were in charge of the management of the korbai temple, the Arab Worship Center at that time. They made huge income from the market trade of korbai Temple Fair every year and monopolized the commercial trade of Mecca. The commercial nobles in cities and towns, together with the nobles of nomadic tribes, made exorbitant profits by operating caravans, trafficking in slaves, usury and other means, and exploited the urban poor, farmers and herdsmen with usury. A large number of small and medium-sized businessmen went bankrupt and became the debtors of commercial nobles, resulting in the aggravation of class antagonism and social and economic crises.

The invasion from outside and the change of traditional trade routes have intensified the economic crisis and social contradictions on the peninsula. Byzantine and Persian empires carried out a long-term plunder war on the peninsula in order to fight for and control the Arabian trade routes. Frequent wars and plunder have seriously damaged the social economy of southern Arabia, made the land desolate, destroyed irrigation projects, flooded roads, failed business and tourism, and sharply reduced the population, which has led to the rapid decline of rich Yemen. At the same time, in order to monopolize the trade between the East and the west, Persia abolished the trade route from Yemen to Syria via the western red coast of the peninsula, and opened another trade route to the Mediterranean via the Persian Gulf and the two river basins. The change of trade routes resulted in the economic recession in the southern and western parts of the peninsula, the sharp decline of transit trade in Mecca, Medina and other towns, the sharp decline of the income of the commercial nobility, the cut-off of many Bedouin and urban residents who rely on caravans, and the deepening of social crisis.

The growing social crisis in the Arab region and the constant invasion of foreigners have promoted the awakening of the Arabs, and all social classes are seeking a way out. In order to maintain their rule, the Arab nobles hoped to break the clan barriers, seize new land and regain control of business; the majority of the lower class people and slaves demanded peace and tranquility, eager to get rid of economic exploitation and political oppression and improve their poverty status. The rise of Islam is a reflection of the demands of the tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to change the socio-economic situation and achieve political unity. In response to the needs of historical development, Muhammad created and propagated Islam. Under the banner of religious revolution, he led the Arab social change movement and unified the Arabian Peninsula.

Muhammad is an outstanding historical figure. Born in the Hashim family of the gulish tribe in Mecca. His parents died when he was young, and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle. When he was 12 years old, he followed his uncle and caravan. He went to Syria, Palestine and the east coast of the Mediterranean to do business. He had extensive contact with and witnessed the social situation in the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religion, Judaism and Christianity in the peninsula, which provided a lot of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities. When he was 25 years old, he married his rich widow, hetticher. After marriage, he lived a prosperous and stable life, and his social status was improving day by day. Influenced by monotheism, he often lived in seclusion. It is said that one day when Muhammad was 40 years old in 610, when he was meditating in the cave of Mt. Sheila in the suburb of Mecca, the Allah angel gibril conveyed "Enlightenment" to him, making him "ordained to be holy". Since then, he declared that he had accepted the "mission" given by Allah, and began the activities of spreading Islam which lasted for 23 years. At first, he preached secretly in Mecca, and some of his closest friends became the earliest believers. In 612, Muhammad became an open preacher to the people of Mecca. In his early preaching, Muhammad warned people to give up polytheism and idolatry, claimed that Allah was the creator of all things in the universe and the only master, and asked people to believe in the unique Allah; condemned the ignorance and social moral degeneration brought by polytheism to Arabs, preached the concept of doomsday judgment and resurrection after death, and warned polytheists that if they did not submit to Allah, They will be punished at the last judgment and fall into the prison of fire. Those who submit to Allah will be rewarded and enter the garden of heaven. He also proposed that all Muslims, regardless of their clans and tribes, are brothers and should unite to eliminate hatred and killing. He also proposed a series of social reforms, such as banning usury and exploitation, doing good alms to relieve the poor, the weak and the orphans, being kind to them, and releasing slaves. Many of them believed in Islam. Because the doctrines preached by Muhammad have fundamentally shaken the status of traditional polytheism in the tribe and violated the religious privileges and economic interests of the aristocrats and rich merchants in Mecca, they have been strongly opposed and persecuted by them, making it difficult for Muhammad and Muslims to have a foothold in Mecca.

In September 622, Muhammad and Mecca Muslims moved to Medina, marking a new historical development stage of Islam. Muhammad led Muslims to carry out a series of political, economic, religious and other reforms. First of all, taking Islam as the ideological banner of unity and unity, he sent his disciples to various Arab tribes in Medina to preach, and the vast majority of local residents soon returned to Islam. He formulated the Medina charter, which Medina abides by in dealing with internal civil and external relations. On the basis of freedom of belief and alliance, he reached an agreement with Jews and other tribes to implement peaceful coexistence. After realizing the unification of Medina, he replaced the tribal blood relationship with the common faith of Islam, and established a political and religious regime in the form of "UMA" (meaning "nation" and "community"), and Muhammad became the highest leader of religion, politics, military and justice in Medina. Abe burkel, Omar, Osman, Ali and some famous "disciples of the holy gate" formed a leading group.

In the name of Allah's "Revelation", Muhammad completed the establishment of Islamic teaching system and various systems. He established the "six major beliefs" with the belief in one God as the core, stipulated the "Five" tasks and rituals performed by Muslims, formulated the legal systems including religious rules, civil, criminal, commercial, military and other aspects, and determined a series of behavior norms and social moral norms with the core of stopping evil and promoting good. In order to consolidate the Medina regime, Muhammad organized Muslim armed forces. Under the call of "fighting for the way of Allah", he led the Muslim armed forces to fight against the Mecca nobles in three major battles, namely, the battle of baidel, the battle of wuhoude and the battle of moat, between 624 and 627, which dealt a heavy blow to the Mecca nobles. In 628, Muhammad led his troops to the outskirts of Mecca on the grounds of pilgrimage. The aristocrats of Mecca were forced to compromise and signed the peace treaty of houdebia with Muhammad, deciding that the two sides would cease war for 10 years. Muhammad used the truce opportunity to send envoys to neighboring countries and Arab tribes on the peninsula to spread Islamic doctrine to them.

In 630, Muhammad led a Muslim army to enter the city of Mecca on the ground that the Mecca nobles violated the agreement. The Mecca nobles headed by Aibu sufuyang were forced to surrender, accept Islam and recognize Muhammad's status as a prophet. The residents of Mecca declared their return to Islam. After entering Mecca, Muhammad ordered to destroy all the statues in the kherbai temple, leaving only the black meteorite, and changed kherbai into a mosque. At the end of 631, the tribes in the peninsula believed in Islam one after another, recognized Muhammad's leadership, and basically realized the political unification of the peninsula. In 632, Muhammad led 100000 Muslims to carry out a reformed pilgrimage in Mecca, known as "farewell pilgrimage". Muhammad himself established a series of rituals of pilgrimage, which became a model for Muslim pilgrimage. In the name of Allah's "Revelation", he announced the victory of the creation of Islam and stressed the importance of unity and unity among Muslims. Muhammad died in Medina in the same year

Chinese PinYin : Yi Si Lan