anesthetic

anesthetic

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Anesthetics refer to the drugs used to make the body or local body temporarily reversible loss of consciousness and pain by drug or non drug methods, which are mostly used for surgery or the treatment of some diseases. "Mabeisan" is the first anesthetic invented and used in the world. It was created by Hua Tuo, an outstanding physician in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. In the second century, general anesthesia with "mabeisan" has been used for laparotomy in China. The earliest inventor of general anesthesia in modern times was David, a British chemist in the early 19th century.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is, in the second century AD, Hua Tuo, a famous physician in ancient China, invented "mabeisan". Ma Fei San was selected as the world's first anesthetic by the world record association, and Hua Tuo was selected as the world's first person to use anesthetic for surgery by the world record association. Mabeisan has created one of the most famous ancient Chinese medicine in the world.

Drug history

ancient

Anesthetics is one of the surgical achievements in ancient China. As early as 2000 years ago, there were practical applications of anesthetics and awakening drugs in Chinese medicine. In Liezi Tangwen, it is recorded that bianque treated Gonghu and Qiying's illness. "Bianque drank two people's poisonous wine and died for three days. He dissected his chest to explore his heart and put it in place easily. When he took the divine medicine, he realized it as before." The story of "poisoned wine" and "intoxicated death" patients undergoing surgery and then "divine medicine" to wake them up.

As an anesthetic for surgical operation, according to the records of the later Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo invented mabeisan, "if the disease develops in the interior, and the acupuncture and medicine can't reach it, it is necessary to take mabeisan with wine first. Since he is drunk, he can't feel it, because he has broken his stomach and back, and has cut and accumulated. If it's in the intestines and stomach, it should be cut off and washed to get rid of the disease and filth. Then it should be sutured and applied with divine ointment. It can be cured in four or five days, and it will be cured in one month. " The description of tumor excision or gastroenterostomy is surprisingly consistent with that of modern surgery. No wonder Hua Tuo has always been respected as the first person in the world to use anesthetics for thoracic surgery. The emergence of the traditional Chinese medicine anesthetic "mabeisan" has greatly promoted the development of foreign science and has a great impact on later generations.

Hua Tuo invented and used anesthetics about 1600 years earlier than Western doctors used anesthetics for surgery. Therefore, Hua Tuo is not only the first anesthetic manufacturer and user in China, but also the first in the world.

Western medicine has only used nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform and other chemical anesthetics for surgical operations for about 150 years. However, in the middle ages, Europe also secretly used drugs such as mabeisan or Mongolian medicine. In 1926, American lawall published the history of world pharmacy. He believed that an anesthetic used by the Arabs in the middle ages might have been handed down from China, because Hua Tuo, a famous Chinese doctor, was good at this technique. He also respected Hua Tuo as "Hippocrates of China" (father of Greek medicine in the 5th century BC).

Here, we can trace the trace of Ma Fei San's spread to the West from Western notes and novels.

In 1298, Marco Polo, an Italian, recorded the legend of Aladdin in Arab countries in his travels. In order to train assassins, "shanlao" used a kind of anesthetic liquor to anesthetize young people and send them to "paradise" for enjoyment. After a while, they anesthetized them and sent them back for training (Chapter 23 and Chapter 24 of Marco Polo's travels, Vol.1). Although there is no clear evidence to prove whether this kind of anesthetic liquor was passed down from China, it is very similar to the plot of "Heaven Palace" in Strange Tales from a lonely studio They are similar.

A little later than Marco Polo, in his famous book Decameron, bhagachiu once said that a monk received a kind of medicinal powder from the prince of Levin, which is said to be the medicinal powder used by "shanlao". According to the dosage, people can sleep longer or shorter. They sleep as if they were dead. In another story, a doctor named Ma Caio Taizhu Montaigne extracted a kind of anesthetic. After the patient drank it, he could sleep as much as he wanted, so that the operation could be carried out smoothly (day 4 of the Decameron, story 10). This shows that narcotic drugs have spread from Arab countries to Europe.

Bandelo, an Italian writer later than Boccaccio, wrote a collection of short stories in the 16th century. In the second volume of story 9, he narrated the love tragedy between Romeo and Juliet, in which the priest gave Juliet a powder and suspended herself. Later, Shakespeare wrote the famous play Romeo and Juliet based on this story. From these materials, we can further see the traces of the Western spread of oral anesthetics.

In fact, this oral anesthetic is not widely used in Europe. For a long time, in Europe, when extracting teeth, amputating limbs or treating war injuries, most of the patients were tied up or knocked unconscious with sticks. It was only 150 years ago that the chemical anesthesia method was founded, and the western medicine surgery was developed. Later, it was developed into the anesthetic injection for injection, and it was widely spread in the world.

Anesthetic decoction is an original creation in China. The dosage can control the depth and time of anesthesia. Overdose will lead to suspended animation, which was once used by bad people. In the sequel of Guixin Zazhi, Zhou Mi of Southern Song Dynasty once pointed out: "or Yun, today's corrupt officials, dirty and overflowing, were sued, then those who take Bairi pill, do you use it?" It should be another improper use of anesthetics, but it also shows that the nature of anesthetics in traditional Chinese medicine has been mastered by more people.

modern

One day, David had a bad toothache. When he walked into a room filled with nitrous oxide gas, his teeth suddenly didn't feel any pain. Curiosity led David to do many experiments, which proved that nitrous oxide has anesthetic effect. Because David felt very happy when he came to this gas, he called it "laughing gas". Because David didn't understand medicine, he didn't publish the discovery.

Later, David proved through many experiments that < section > < imgalign = "absmiddle" ALT = "Src=“ https://bkimg.cdn.bcebos.com/formula/14c18e77fe3d6a5b16c25c26796ebd63.svg "data-png=" https://bkimg.cdn.bcebos.com/formula/14c18e77fe3d6a5b16c25c26796ebd63.png "Data data - > < / section > does have anesthetic effect, because it can make people laugh, so it is called" laughing gas ". This may be the earliest anesthetic used by western medicine. However, because it can make patients laugh wildly, and anesthesiologists will be affected to varying degrees when using it, "laughing gas" is only a flash in the pan in the history of anesthesia. However, even in modern times, when patients can not use other anesthetics for some reason, "nitrous oxide" can still be used.

In 1844, after studying the hypnotic effect of nitrous oxide on human body, Colton, an American chemist, took nitrous oxide to various places to give lectures and give hypnotic demonstration performances. In one performance, Welsh, a dentist who watched the performance, paid attention to it and inspired his idea that nitrous oxide might have anesthetic effect. After several trials, in January 1845, Wales performed painless tooth extraction under anesthesia in a Boston hospital. The performance failed due to insufficient anesthesia.

However, William Morton, a young assistant who knew his whole process, still believed in the possibility of anesthesia. Morton found that although nitrous oxide had anesthetic effect, it was less effective. He got inspiration from chemist Jackson and decided to use ether for anesthesia. In October 1846, he successfully performed the first operation under anesthesia in the modern world.

In 1842, Simpson, a gynecologist at the University of Edinburgh in Northern Ireland, tried to use chloroform as an anesthetic for the first time.

In 1880, William Mesvin improved Simpson's anesthesia method. He used a catheter to direct chloroform gas into the patient's trachea. This method is used by today's general anesthesia with ether and chloroform.

Today, ether and chloroform are still the most commonly used anesthetics for general anesthesia.

At the end of the 19th century, western medicine was introduced into China, and the surgery of Western medicine based on anatomy solved many incurable diseases. The traditional Chinese anesthetics and related surgical operations have gradually disappeared.

After liberation, in order to explore the medical heritage of the motherland, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College studied traditional Chinese medicine anesthetics. On July 8, 1970, the traditional Chinese medicine anesthesia Decoction with datura flower as the main drug was successfully used in clinic. According to research, Datura stramonium contains scopolamine, scopolamine and a small amount of atropine, which has anesthetic effect. Since then, the injection with Flos Daturae as the main drug has been developed, and the anesthesia process is faster. Over the past 10 years, more than 100000 operations have been carried out in various places, including the resection of stomach, lung, gallbladder, spleen, rectum and uterus. The anesthetics of ancient times have gained a new life.

The earliest anesthesia

It was not until the mid-19th century that European and American doctors began to use anesthetics, 1600 years later than China. This unparalleled pioneering work has made traditional Chinese medicine far ahead of the rest of the world.

According to the romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo also wanted to use "mabeisan" to treat Cao Cao's head wind disease. At that time, he suggested that Cao Cao take "mabeisan" and then cut off the scalp to remove the root of the disease. Unfortunately, Cao Cao did not believe it

Chinese PinYin : Ma Zui Ji