Rohan

Rohan

Arhat is the abbreviation of arhat. It has the meanings of killing thieves, no life and offering. To kill a thief is to kill a thief who is full of troubles. To have no life is to get rid of life and death, and to provide is to be provided by heaven and earth. In Hinayana Buddhism, it is the highest fruit of the Great Buddha's Dharma disciples.

All Arhats are pure in mind and body, and their troubles are broken (killing thieves). Has been out of life and death, into Nirvana (no life). It is worthy of being offered by the heaven. Before the end of his life, he still lived in the world. He had little desire, pure virtue, and enlightened others.

Folk free translation

There are three levels of interpretation in folk free translation

First, it can help people get rid of all the troubles in life;

Second, it can accept the support from heaven and earth;

Third, it can help people not suffer from reincarnation.

It has the meanings of killing thieves, no life and offering. To kill a thief is to kill a thief who is full of troubles. To have no life is to get rid of life and death, and to provide is to be provided by heaven and earth. It is the highest fruit of the Great Buddha's Dharma disciples. Has been out of life and death, into Nirvana (no life). It is worthy of being offered by the heaven. Before the end of his life, he still lived in the world. He had little desire, pure virtue, and enlightened others.

The status of arhat in Mahayana Buddhism:

In Mahayana Buddhism, arhat is lower than Buddha and Bodhisattva, which is the third class. In Theravada Buddhism, arhat is the highest fruit that can be achieved in practice.

interpretation

Arhat, Sanskrit arhat, Pali arahant. We often say "arhat" is the abbreviation of "arhat". It is one of the four fruits of Shengwen, one of the ten Tathagata. He was also known as aluhan, Aloha, Aloha, Ariha and yeloho. It is called Luohan and Luohe. Free translation: Ying, Ying Gong, Ying Zhen, killing thieves, no life, no life, no learning, no real person. It refers to the saint who breaks the three realms, sees the confusion of thinking, proves his wisdom, and is worthy of great support in the world. Generally speaking, the two interpretations of Mahayana and Hinayana are the highest. In a broad sense, it generally refers to the highest fruit position in Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism.

According to the third volume of chengweizhilun, arhat took the no learning position of Sancheng, so it is a different name of Buddha, that is, one of the ten Tathagata. In addition, according to Volume 24 of jushe theory, arhat is one of the four fruits of Shengwen, which is the ultimate fruit of Theravada Buddhism. It can be divided into two types

（1） Arhat orientation refers to those who are still in the stage of practice and tend to arhat.

（2） Arohango refers to the saint who breaks all troubles, gains wisdom and receives great support from the world. It is said that there is no learning, no learning result and no degree for those who are in this position. If they complete the eight principles of no learning, no learning liberation and no learning wisdom, they are called ten no learning branches.

As for the semantic meaning of arhat, according to volume 3 of the theory of great wisdom, Volume 17 of the chapter of Mahayana righteousness, Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the translation name collection, the three meanings of killing thieves, not being born and offering are named as the three meanings of arhat, which is the most common saying since ancient times. Namely:

（1） Kill the thief, the thief, the confusion of seeing and thinking. Arhat can eliminate the confusion of seeing and thinking in the three realms, so he is called killing thieves.

（2） No life, no life. Arhat was born in Nirvana, but no longer in the three realms.

（3） In response, arhat has to leave out all his troubles, and should be supported by man and nature, so it is called response. The Sanskrit arhan is the singular nominative case of the Sanskrit arhat (arhat). The free translation of arhat is to be supported and respected. Therefore, among the three meanings mentioned above, the meaning of Yinggong is more appropriate. In addition, Huiyuan explains arhat in four senses, namely, to respond to all living beings and to eliminate all doubts, at the end of the twentieth chapter of Mahayana. The fourth volume of the book "good view of the law of vaisha" says that there are five kinds of arohans' interpretations, such as breaking the car spokes of the three realms, staying away from all evil deeds, and no covering.

features

According to Folk Buddhist records, there were only sixteen Arhats in the eighteen Arhats, all of which were the disciples of Sakyamuni Buddha. Later, they developed into eighteen Arhats on the basis of the sixteen Arhats. There are different opinions about the two Arhats who were later added to the eighteen Arhats.

One is master Xuanzang and Qingyou who wrote the book of fazhuji. Zhang Xuan in the former Shu Dynasty and Guan Xiu, a monk painter of the Five Dynasties, painted the paintings of eighteen Arhats respectively. In the Song Dynasty, Su Dongpo wrote poems praising the above paintings respectively. The author thinks that the 17th arhat is "Qingyou Zun", that is, the author of fazhuji, and the 18th arhat is "bintouluo Zun" (synonymous with the first arhat) One said that it was Gaye and the cloth bag monk. Qianlong, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, privately designated the seventeen Arhats as dragon subduing Arhats (viz. The JIAYE Arhats) and the eighteen Arhats as Fu Hu Arhats (viz. Maitreya Arhats). Among the 18 Arhats of folk arts and crafts, most are dragon subduing Arhats and tiger subduing Arhats.

There are 16 practitioners around Sakyamuni Buddha. It is the most mentioned group of Arhats in the Folk Buddhist scriptures.

What is the earliest Chinese translated Buddhist Scripture to record all the names of the sixteen Arhats

The great arhat is translated by master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty. It is transliterated into Sanskrit and translated as "Qingyou". The sixteen Arhats are bindurobator, kanokavatsan, kanokabhalitu, supinda, nuohara, batara, karika, varovdora, wubojia, bantoga, luohula, nagarxina, yingjietuo and vahar The sixteen venerable ones of napus, Ashdod, and zhudhan bantoga.

As there are few biographical materials about the sixteen Arhats, since the translation of fazhuji, the sixteen Arhats have been worshipped by Buddhists, and their statues have gradually become popular. However, there is no specific description of the appearance of the sixteen Arhats in fazhuji. According to the Buddhist common sense, the sculptors exaggerate artistically in combination with the images of monks in real life, creating a strange and strange image The image of arhat in the world. As for the images of the sixteen Arhats, the earliest one is recorded in Xuanhe Huapu. Zhang sengyou of Houliang painted a statue of the sixteen Arhats. As for the carving of the sixteen Arhats, the earliest one is the round statue of the sixteen Arhats made by Wu Yanshuang of Wu Yue State in Yanxia cave of Hangzhou. In addition, zhibaosheng temple in Suzhou and Lingyan temple in Changqing, Shandong have preserved the statues of arhat shaped in the Northern Song Dynasty.

classification

In terms of the types of Arhats, Arhats of the four fruits can be divided into six types according to their blunt root.

In volume 5 of zaabitanxinlun and Volume 2 and 15 of jushe Lun, they are as follows:

（1） To retreat from the Dharma, or to retreat from the prime minister, refers to those who are easy to retreat from the Dharma and lose their fruits.

（2） Arhat, who is also the Prime Minister of death, refers to those who think of their own harm because they are afraid of losing their fruit.

（3） Arhat, the protector of the Dharma, is also called arhat, the Minister of defense. It refers to those who can protect the Dharma without losing their position.

（4） He who lives in the Dharma arhat and the prime minister arhat refers to those who do not retreat or advance, but live in the fruit position.

（5） Kandafa arhat, also known as the progressive Prime Minister arhat, refers to those who can make rapid progress and achieve the goal of immovable Dharma.

（6） He who does not change the Dharma and does not change the Dharma refers to those who never lose the Dharma.

Among the six kinds of Arhats mentioned above, the first five are blunt rooted ones, so they can be liberated from time to time or from love, while the latter belongs to sharp rooted ones, so they can be liberated from time to time or from immobility. In detail, the liberation of the need to encounter good karma is called liberation; the freedom to settle at any time without waiting for the liberation of a certain karma is called liberation from time to time. Those who are good at protecting their own arohanguo and getting rid of their troubles are called love relief; those who never have troubles, never need to get rid of them, and never lose their fruit due to troubles are called immobility relief. In addition, it can be divided into two types according to the formation of its good roots

（1） Those who are not born with the nature of variety are called "not retreating FA arhan" and "not retreating Xiang arhan".

（2） Those who achieve immovable Dharma through intensive practice are called immovable Dharma arhat. These two, together with the above five, are seven kinds of Arhats. If you add Jue and Buddha, you will be called nine kinds of Arhats.

According to volume 30 of ahan Sutra and Volume 1 of Chengshi Lun, arhat who extricates himself from trouble by wisdom is called arhat who extricates himself from trouble by wisdom. If you are determined to die, and you know that you are free from both mind and wisdom, you are called double free arhat. These two, together with the Arhats of undoubted emancipation, can be divided into three kinds of Arhats.

history

There are sixteen Arhats, eighteen Arhats and five hundred Arhats in Chinese Mahayana Buddhist temples. In the Tang Dynasty, when the Great Buddha came to Nirvana, he asked arhat of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China to extend his life, live in the world, travel and make a good fortune for all living beings. Therefore, arhat statues were often carved in the forest of Buddhist temples to support people. The eighteen Arhats are the two Arhats that are used to subdue the dragon and subdue the tiger in addition to the sixteen Arhats. The five hundred Arhats usually refer to the five hundred Arhats of the great bhikkhs who are often enlightened by the Buddha in the world, or the five hundred Arhats who gather Buddhist classics after the Buddha's nirvana.

In the Five Dynasties, master Guan Xiu, an eminent monk, painted sixteen Arhats with unconventional posture, peculiar shape and bone, with a Sanskrit appearance and a perfect expression of his ambition, which is a famous work of arhat portraits.

Because there is no basis for classical rituals, arhat statues will be created and expressed by artists of different generations. It is usually a monk with shaved hair. Dressed in monk's clothes, he is simple and pure. His posture is informal and free. It reflects the virtue of Buddhist practice, wisdom and serenity in reality.

According to the records of Dharma residence, the sixteen Arhats were ordered by Buddha to live in the world forever to protect the Dharma

Different from Buddha and Bodhisattva

bodhisattva

Bodhisattva is the abbreviation of "Bodhisattva" transliterated in Sanskrit. The Chinese translation of "Bodhi" is "consciousness", and the Chinese translation of "Saku" is "sentient beings", or "sentient beings" (all sentimental animals). The whole translation should mean "feeling", "Tao sentient beings" and "sentient beings". According to the meaning of this word, the Buddhist scriptures translated in ancient China

Chinese PinYin : Luo Han