Tibetan Opera (Huangnan Tibetan Opera)

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Tibetan Opera (Huangnan Tibetan Opera)

Applicant: Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province

Project No.: 224

Project No.: Ⅳ - 80

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: Traditional Drama

Region: Qinghai Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province

Protection unit: national song and dance troupe of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

Introduction to Tibetan Opera (Huangnan Tibetan Opera)

Applicant: Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province

Tibetan Opera is a very large system of operas. Due to the different natural conditions, customs, cultural traditions and dialects in different parts of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, it has many kinds of Arts and schools. Tibetan Opera is the mother of Tibetan opera art. It is spread to the Tibetan speaking areas of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces through monks and pilgrims who come to the Tibetan ancestral temple of Weizang. It forms the branches of Huangnan Tibetan Opera in Qinghai, Gannan Tibetan Opera in Gansu and Seda Tibetan Opera in Sichuan. In India, Bhutan, Sikkim and other countries, Tibetan Opera is also popular.

The Tibetan name of Tibetan Opera is ram, which means "Fairy". It is said that Tibetan opera was first performed by the seven sisters, and the contents of the repertoire are mostly mythological stories in Buddhist scriptures, so it gets its name. Tibetan opera originated from Tibetan religious art in the 8th century. In the 17th century, it was separated from the religious rituals of temples and gradually formed a life-style performance with singing as the main part and the basic programs of singing, reciting, dancing, expressionism, white and technique. Tibetan opera has a high pitched and powerful singing style, which is basically decided by people, and each singing style has its own voice. Tibetan opera was originally a square opera, with only one drum and one cymbal accompaniment and no other musical instruments. The performance is generally divided into three parts, the first part is "Dun", which is mainly for the opening performance of song and dance to worship gods; the second part is "Xiong", which is mainly for the performance of drama legend; the third part is called "Zhaxi", which means blessing Yingxiang. The traditional repertoire of Tibetan Opera is said to have "thirteen volumes", which are often performed as "eight Tibetan operas", namely "Princess Wencheng", "King norsanfa", "Lang sawen Beng", "zhuowa Sangmu", "Su jinima", "Baima Wenba", "dunyue Dunzhu" and "Zhimei gengdeng". In addition, there are "riqiongwa", "Prince Yuncheng", "jingbaqinbao" and "debaden" Ba, suibaiwangqu and other plays contain Buddhist content. There is only one set of Tibetan opera costumes from the beginning to the end. The actors do not make up, but mainly perform in masks. Tibetan opera can be divided into white mask opera and blue mask opera. In the process of spreading blue mask opera, due to different regions, it has formed four schools: juemulong Tibetan opera, jueba Tibetan opera, Xiangba Tibetan Opera and Jianggar Tibetan opera. Every year, the "sheaton Festival" is a day for Tibetan troupes to perform one after another, so the "sheaton Festival" is known as the "Tibetan Opera Festival".

After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the government of Tibet Autonomous Region established the Tibetan Opera Troupe of Tibet Autonomous Region on the basis of the original juemulong Tibetan Opera Troupe, which took on the task of inheriting and developing Tibetan opera. It successively organized and performed some traditional operas such as "lang sa Wen Beng", "Princess Wencheng" and "Prince Nuosang", and also created and performed some modern theme operas. The troupe is maintaining the original square art of Tibetan opera On the basis of artistic features, the author has carried out the practice of theater stage art, so that Tibetan opera has stepped onto the stage from the square, with lighting, scenery and makeup, and began to use orchestral accompaniment. After the 1980s, Qinghai Tibetan Opera Troupe was founded in Huangnan. It created and performed such excellent plays as "Yile Fairy", "envoy of the Tibetan king" and "Golden Dawn", which had a great influence at home and abroad. The new repertoire has brought new vitality to Huangnan Tibetan opera. For example, the accompaniment of "Yile Fairy" includes traditional Tibetan musical instruments such as six strings, and large modern mixed band mainly composed of folk music. While forming the interlude atmosphere music, it can directly accompany the aria. This has changed the situation that Tibetan opera only uses one drum and one cymbal to rhythm dance and perform actions, and rarely accompanies the aria What's the matter. The improved Huangnan Tibetan opera set and stage art are magnificent, magical and elegant, refreshing.

Tibetan opera has a long history and meticulous performance program, which has an irreplaceable position in the Tibetan people's spiritual life. Restricted by strict religious rules, Tibetan Opera is less influenced by Han culture in the development process, and retains more original style from performance content to form, so it has high academic value in the field of drama genesis. At the same time, the script of Tibetan Opera is also a peak of Tibetan literature. It not only emphasizes the temperament, but also emphasizes the artistic conception. It uses a lot of Maxim, proverbs and idioms, and even intersperses allegory stories in the plot, retaining the essence of Tibetan ancient literature language. However, in recent years, Tibetan opera, like the mainland operas, has fallen into the competition with modern art and entertainment forms for audience and performance market. There are many problems, such as the lack of funds, the difficult survival of the troupe, the disconnection of artistic talents, the loss of traditional performing skills, and the weakness of theoretical research. The development of Tibetan Opera in various areas is facing crisis, so it is urgent to make plans to protect this ancient ethnic minority opera.

Huangnan Tibetan Opera is a kind of Tibetan Opera in Huangnan area of Qinghai Province. From the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, its distribution area once covered Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and some areas of Xunhua Salar Autonomous County and Hualong Hui Autonomous County, and now it is mainly popular in Huangnan area.

Huangnan Tibetan Opera belongs to an important branch of Amdo Tibetan opera. Its development has experienced the rap stage from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century; the formation stage of three person performance in xiaxiacang III period from 1740 to 1794; the mature stage in jixianjia period from 1854 to 1946; the prosperous development stage in duojijia period from 1910 to 1973; and the improvement and innovation stage since 1980.

Huangnan Tibetan opera has the following characteristics: 1. It has a wide range of mass and folk heritage. Folk and temple Tibetan Opera teams have always maintained close ties with the public. 2. In terms of music, it retains the elements of religious music, and also absorbs local folk songs, dance music and other materials. 3. In addition to the eight traditional Tibetan operas, there are also operas that are not available in other Tibetan areas, such as the biography of King Gesar and the gang of King guanque. 4. The ancient and precious ritual drama of Gongbao Duoji tingfa is preserved. 5. Improvisation is unique. These impromptu performances not only show the excellent artistic level of the writers and actors, but also play a good role in criticizing the current situation and purifying the social environment. 6. In the long-term artistic practice, the artists of Huangnan Tibetan opera have summed up a variety of trades and complete sets of performance programs, such as hand fingering, body steps and figure modeling, absorbed the figure form of Huangnan temple murals, integrated into the religious dance, folk dance and Tibetan life material movements, forming a unique artistic style of the play.

After the 1980s, Qinghai Tibetan Opera Troupe was founded in Huangnan. It created and performed such excellent plays as "Yile Fairy", "envoy of the Tibetan king" and "Golden Dawn", which had a great influence at home and abroad. In recent years, due to the impact of modern culture, Huangnan Tibetan Opera is also facing the crisis of loss. The number of troupes is decreasing, the number of artists is aging, and the scope of performance is shrinking.

Chinese PinYin : Cang Xi Huang Nan Cang Xi