Beijing opera

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Peking Opera

Applicant: Tianjin

Item No.: 172

Project No.: Ⅳ - 28

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: Traditional Drama

Region: Tianjin

Type: new item

Applicant: Tianjin

Protection unit: Tianjin Peking Opera Theater

About Peking Opera:

Applicant: Tianjin

Peking Opera, also known as Peking Opera and Peking Opera, is the most influential opera in China, with Beijing as the center and all over the country. Since the 55th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the four Hui troupes, Sanqing, Sixi, Chuntai and Hechun, originally performed in the south, have entered Beijing one after another. They cooperated with Han Opera artists from Hubei, accepted part of the repertoire, tunes and performance methods of Kunqu Opera and Qinqiang opera, absorbed some local folk tunes, and finally formed Beijing opera through continuous exchanges and integration.

In literature, performance, music, stage art and other aspects, Beijing opera has a set of standardized artistic expression program. The singing style of Beijing Opera belongs to plate style, with Erhuang and xipi as the main tunes. Sipingdiao, fansipingdiao and handiao belong to Erhuang, while nanbangzi and wahuadiao belong to xipi. The Erhuang melody is steady, the rhythm is slow, and the singing is thick and dignified; the xipi melody is undulating, the rhythm is compact, and the singing is bright and smooth. The accompaniment of Beijing opera can be divided into two categories: Wenchang and Wuchang. In Wenchang, huqin (Jinghu), jingerhu, Yueqin, Xianzi, dizi and suona are used, while huqin is used as the main instrument; in Wuchang, Guban is used as the main instrument, followed by Xiaogong and dawuo. The roles of Peking Opera can be divided into Sheng, Dan, Jing, Chou, ZA, Wu and Liu. The latter three are no longer specialized. There are more detailed divisions within each trade. For example, Danxing can be divided into Qingyi, Huadan, daomadian, Wudan and laodan. Apart from the natural attributes of the characters, the division is based on the personality characteristics of the characters and the creator's attitude towards the characters. Each profession has a set of performance program, singing, reading, doing and playing skills have their own characteristics.

Peking Opera mainly focuses on historical stories. There are more than 1300 traditional operas, of which more than 3400 are often performed. Among them, Yu Yu Feng, Yu Tang Chun, Chang ban Po, Qunying Hui, fishing and killing family, empty city plan, drunken concubine, Sanchakou, wild boar forest, er Jin gong, Shi Yu bangle, Tiaohua Che, etc《 Sijinshi, sougu jiugu, farewell my concubine and exploring my mother are well-known to the audience. After the founding of new China, Peking Opera has been adapted, transplanted and created some new historical dramas and modern works. The important ones are "general Xianghe", "commander Mu Guiying", "female general of Yangmen", "Hai Rui's dismissal", "Cao Cao and Yang Xiu", "Sha Jiabang", "red light", "winning Weihushan", "dianuo", "Camel Xiangzi", etc.

Peking Opera can be divided into "Beijing style" and "Shanghai style". There were many excellent actors in different periods, such as Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng, Zhang Erkui, Mei Qiaoling, Tan Xinpei, sun Juxian, Wang Guifen, Liu Hongsheng, Tian Guifeng, Yu Ziyun, Chen Delin, Wang Yaoqing in the late Qing Dynasty, Yu Shuyan, Yan Jupeng, Gao Qingkui, Ma Lianliang, Yang Baosen, Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu Xun Huisheng, Shang Xiaoyun, Zhou Xinfang, Jin Shaoshan, etc.

Peking Opera is widely spread throughout the country and has a wide influence, known as "National Opera". It has traveled all over the world and become an important means to introduce and spread Chinese traditional culture. The Peking opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang has been regarded as the representative of the Oriental drama performance system. Together with Stanislavsky and Brecht performance system, it is known as the three major performance systems in the world. Beijing Opera is an important form of traditional Chinese culture, in which many artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture. But in recent years, with the change of society, the aesthetic distance between Peking Opera Art and contemporary people is gradually increasing, the audience is sharply reduced, and the number of plays is shrinking. How to realize the protection and revitalization of Peking Opera has become an urgent issue.