Shule Town, one of the four towns in Anxi in Tang Dynasty

Shule town

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Shule town is one of the four towns in Anxi of Tang Dynasty. It was established in 648, the 22nd year of Zhenguan reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty. It is located in Kashi, Xinjiang.

history

Shule town is an important town in Anxi. (1) since the 60th year of Gongqian (the second year of shenjue, Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty), Shule state in the western regions has been officially under the central government of China. Since then, it has maintained close political, economic and cultural ties with the Central Plains dynasties. It is needless to say that in the Han Dynasty, even when the political situation in the Central Plains was turbulent in the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, this connection was never interrupted. During the period of the Three Kingdoms, the Cao Wei regime had no long history in the western regions, and granted King Shule the title of "Shou Wei Shi Zhong, Da Du Wei" and the seal ribbon. In the Western Jin Dynasty, the state of Shule sent envoys to contribute famous horses and things, and sent princes to the capital of Jin Dynasty to study culture and Central Plains regulations. At the same time, King Shule was also proud to accept the title of "Shou Shi Zhong, Da Du Wei, Feng Jin Da Hou Qin Jin" granted by Jin Dynasty, which is evidenced by unearthed ancient books. after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were some separatist regimes in the mainland, such as Qianliang, qianqin, Houliang, Xiliang, Beiliang, song and so on. Shule state, as always, did not change its original intention slightly because of the frequent changes of the Central Plains regime, and maintained political subordination and economic and cultural ties with the above regimes in turn. Around 323, the first year of the Ming emperor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shule state was annexed by the powerful kuci state, and the king of Shule was demoted to "noble man" and became a puppet of kuci state. King Kucha also sent his generals to "monitor" the state of Shule, which is a bit like a great power occupying force. This situation lasted for almost a century, until around 420 ad, kuci was attacked by Tuyuhun, and Shule "noble men" took the opportunity to kill the supervisor sent by kuci and restored their original status. The first thing the new king of Shule had to do when he came to power was to send envoys to the mainland to get in touch with the Northern Wei regime and express his subordination. Unfortunately, on the way, the Shule emissary was blocked by the Rouran tribe soldiers who rose to the north of Tianshan Mountain, and had to return. With the growing power of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the state of Shule finally had a chance to break through the resistance and pay tribute. From 435 A.D. to 512 A.D., according to the official history, Shule sent envoys to the Northern Wei Dynasty 15 times to express his subordinates. The Northern Wei Dynasty also sent Wang Ensheng, Xu Gang and others to comfort him. From 480 A.D. to 563 A.D., Shule was conquered and enslaved by the nomadic dada (white Xiongnu) people in Central Asia, but the ambition of pursuing the Central Plains and maintaining the unity remained unchanged. Around 567 ad, the Western Turks expelled dada, and Shule fell into the hands of the Turkic nobles, who sent "Tutun (official name) to supervise the unification and the Levy of taxes", using the same method as the kuci occupation army. Shule and all parts of the western regions are suffering, and they are eager to restore political unity with the mainland as soon as possible. When he learned that the Sui Dynasty was founded, the state of Shule immediately sent envoys to pay tribute in 615, hoping to return to the central government. But only three years later, the short-lived Sui Dynasty was destroyed, and King Shule had to wait for new opportunities. in the Tang Dynasty, with the formation and consolidation of the great unification situation, it provided favorable conditions for the realization of the desire of the return of Shule. In 635 ad, the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, the state of Shule finally broke through the military pressure of the Turkic regime and sent envoys to Chang'an to meet Emperor Taizong Li Shimin, demanding the restoration of the central government's control over the western regions. The move of Shule state inevitably made the Turkic aristocratic regime panic. The Turkic nobles have always attached great importance to the economic and military status of Shule state, and the loss of Shule is too great for them. "Based on this, in order to reduce the resentment of Tutun, a Turk, against the usury and exploitation of Shule Kingdom, the Turk regime granted King Shule such a Turkic official title as" jielifa "as early as 615 A.D. after he sent an envoy to the Sui Dynasty to show his political solicitation and favor, but King Shule did not seem to buy it. This time, the Turkic nobles decided to spend a lot of money to stabilize King Shule, so they married Princess Hanshi to King Shule in an attempt to strengthen the control of Shule by marriage. However, King Shule still didn't buy it. There is only one idea in King Shule's heart - to return to the central dynasty as soon as possible! A year later. That is, in February 636 ad, Shule once again sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty. At this time, the Turkic aristocracy's separatist regime of the western regions was on the verge of collapse. Second, when Shule first sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty in 635, he strongly demanded the establishment of Tang Dynasty's post offices in the western regions to govern all countries, which aroused the great attention of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and gave birth to the preliminary idea of setting up the capital protector's office in the western regions. Such a strong impression even led to the mistaken record that Shule Dudu Fu was set up in 635. In 639 ad, the state of Shule sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for the third time, reiterating the last two requests, which finally made Emperor Taizong make up his mind. In the Tang Dynasty, the establishment of Anxi Duhu and its four military towns (later promoted to four dududufu) played an important role. at that time, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty once said such a thought-provoking remark to his minister Fang Xuanling about the three times of sending envoys of King Shule: "I fought in the South and north to pacify the world and establish the Tang Dynasty, and all the ethnic minorities from far away came to join us. But it is very sad that the small wais in the western regions like Shule are still suffering and unable to preserve themselves. I hope you will help me seriously. Don't always say something that makes it difficult for me to make up my mind to shake the rule of the Tang Dynasty. " This passage is clearly recorded in the biography of Shule in the new book of Tang Dynasty, which profoundly shows Emperor Taizong's understanding of King Shule's wish and his unswerving determination to unify the whole China as soon as possible. He really deserves to be a brilliant emperor for thousands of years. Therefore, in the second year, 640 A.D., Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty decisively attacked the western regions and occupied Gaochang (today's Turpan). In spite of Wei Zheng's repeated dissuasion, he decisively set up An'xi capital guard house in Youyu, with Qiao Shiwang as the first one. In 642 ad, Guo Xiaoke, the governor of Anxi, attacked Yanqi in the South and broke through Turks in the north. He stood up to the East and north of Tianshan Mountain, and the Western Turks were forced to retreat to the south of Tianshan Mountain and wait and see. In 646 ad, Yipi Shekui Khan, a Western Turk, was forced to make peace with the Tang Dynasty when the army of the Tang Dynasty was approaching. He also promised to cede Shule and other five countries as a dowry to marry the Tang Dynasty Princess. From this request, it shows that at this time, Shule state has not been recovered by the Tang army. In 649 A.D., the army of the Tang Dynasty made persistent efforts to take back kuci from the Turkic soldiers. All the Turkic troops in Shule, Yutian and other places came down from the wind, and all the land lost to the south of Tianshan Mountain was recovered by the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong ordered Guo Xiaoke to move Anxi Dufu from Gaochang to kuizi to restore the old system since the Han Dynasty. At the same time, he announced the formal establishment of Weizi, Yanying, Shule and Yuwei, which were under the control of Anxi Dufu. "Zhen" is the military town, which was the military organization of the Tang Dynasty in the western regions. In 675 ad (the second year of yongshangyuan), Shule Dudu Fu was established. Third, Shule town and later Shule Dudu Fu were located near today's lueshi city. According to the new geography of Tang Dynasty, there are mountains in the south, North and west of Shule town. The city is in the water. To the east of the city is Seoul, also on the beach. The Chihe River (the Kizil River) comes from the West golling of Shule, flows to the west of the city and joins the northeast of the city. " According to his description, the site of Shule town in Tang Dynasty may be located on the ancient city site of hannuoyi, which is 28 kilometers east of Kashi City. That is to say, "Jiashi city" (but not today's Jiashi county) in historical books. It was the capital of Pei amowen, king of Shule at that time. According to the research of experts, "Seoul" in the east of this "Jiashi city", that is, the ancient city of tobqin near asikelanchi today, is located near an ancient river. The city is square, with a circumference of about 363 meters. It is small in scale. It may be a small castle stationed by the Tang army guarding Shule at that time. Shule dudududufu is under the jurisdiction of Congling in the West (in today's Tashkurgan, there was no "Congling garrison", that is, in its jurisdiction); Aksu in the northeast and Pishan in the southeast are the most important towns in Anxi in those years. It can be divided into 15 states, the name of which can be tested, including damanzhou, which is 70 km northeast of the town (possibly the heitaiqin site in today's Jiashi county); yaojianzhou, which is the same place as the town; Yindu, which is 49 km south of the town (in today's aketao county); and Jinzhou, which has no location to test. In the Tang Dynasty, the chief executive was appointed as the local governor. There are Sima and Shen generals in the governor's office. The former assists the governor in administration, while the latter hosts Chinese documents. The head of each state was the governor, who was also concurrently held by the local minority nobles. Under the governor, there were also the governor and the general. Both the governor and the governor can enjoy hereditary treatment. The main duties of the governor's office were to administer the local areas on behalf of the central government of the Tang Dynasty, to deal with various civil and criminal cases, to collect rents and past commercial taxes, to maintain the needs of the local and garrison forces, and to assist the army of the Tang Dynasty in fighting and defending the border areas. In the area under the jurisdiction of anxidu prefecture to the south of Tianshan Mountains, there are two defense lines, the northern defense line with kuci as the center and the southern defense line with Khotan as the center. These two lines of defense in the Tarim Basin are both national defense arteries and silk roads, and they converge at Shule in the West. This makes Shule Dudu Fu play an important role in the military strategy of the western border of Tang Dynasty

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