Daqing River in the lower reaches of Dawen River, a tributary of Dongping Lake in the Yellow River Basin of Shandong Province

Dawen River

Dawen River was called Wenshui in ancient times. It originates in Yiyuan County at the northern foot of Xuangu mountain in Shandong Province. It flows through Jinan, Xintai, Tai'an, Feicheng, Ningyang, Wenshang and Dongping counties and cities from east to west. It flows into Dongping Lake and flows out of chenshankou into the Yellow River. The main stream is 239 km long, with a drainage area of 9098 square kilometers. Traditionally, the Dawenhe River is located above Makou in Dongping County, with 209 kilometers of main stream and 8633 square kilometers of drainage area (i.e. "208 kilometers in total length and 8536 square kilometers in drainage area"); the upstream of Dawenkou in Tai'an, the middle reaches from Dawenkou to daicunba in Dongping County, and the downstream of daicunba, the Daqinghe River. Makou of Dongping county is hereinafter referred to as Dongping Lake District, with a drainage area (excluding Xinhu District) of 465 square kilometers.

General situation of main stream

River course

Dawen River, Guwen water. Dawen River originates in Yiyuan County at the northern foot of Xuangu mountain in Shandong Province. It flows through Jinan, Xintai, Tai'an, Feicheng, Ningyang, Wenshang and Dongping counties and cities from east to west. It flows out of chenshankou and into the Yellow River from Qinghemen of Dongping Lake. The main stream is 239 km long, with a drainage area of 9098 square kilometers. Traditionally, the Dawenhe River is located above Makou in Dongping County, with 209 kilometers of main stream and 8633 square kilometers of drainage area (i.e. "208 kilometers in total length and 8536 square kilometers in drainage area"); the upstream of Dawenkou in Tai'an, the middle reaches from Dawenkou to daicunba in Dongping County, and the downstream of daicunba, the Daqinghe River. Makou of Dongping county is hereinafter referred to as Dongping Lake District, with a drainage area (excluding Xinhu District) of 465 square kilometers. The drop from Heyuan to Hukou is 362M.

On the source of Wenshui. According to the records of Liangshan County water conservancy, "it originated from the original mountain 70 miles north of Laiwu county.". Yuanshan, located in the west of Boshan District, Zibo City, with southwest northeast trend, undulating in Laiwu, Zibo and Zhangqiu, is about 100 km long and covers an area of about 150 square kilometers. "Boshan county annals" records: "Wenshui West note, Zishui east flow, all from here." Unfortunately, there is no specific reference. According to Tai'an TV station's walking the Dawen River, the three international criteria for judging the source of the river are that the source of the river is only long, the flow is only large, and the direction is consistent with the mainstream. The source of Dawen River should be Muwen river. There are two opinions about the source of Muwen River, one is that shayazi village at the foot of Songgu mountain in Yiyuan County of Zibo City is the source of Dawen River; the other is that Taizi village at the foot of Xuangu mountain in Huangzhuang town of Laiwu District of Jinan City is the source of Dawen River. According to the standard of Heyuan, Taizi village is inferior to shayazi village.

Channel characteristics

The upper reaches of Dawenkou are divided into North and south branches. The North Branch is Muwen River and the South Branch is chaiwen river. Dawenkou to daicunba is the middle reaches of Dawenhe River. Daicun dam below the downstream, known as the Daqing River.

The main stream in the upper reaches of Wenhe river is 11km long from shayazi village to zhangbachu village, with a drop of 115m and a width of 100m. Pass through Haiyan spring (dried up) to Sijiazhuang to meet the water at the eastern foot of Lianhua, pass through Hulushan reservoir, reach narixin River in Yanzhuang, pass through gumucheng (zhaojiaquan) and hexinzhuang River, and the river is 300 meters wide. After entering the Tailai plain, it flows westward along the northern foot of Lianhua Mountain and reaches huiyingwen in the north of Jianwen Village (Yingwen in the northeast of qiujiadian). The river is 500 meters wide. It flows southwest to the southeast of Tai'an City and meets Panwen. Further south, around the West foot of jianlai, pass the yanxie village barrage, turn southwest and flow to the front of Dawenkou barrage, and connect chaiwen in the south, which is called Dawenhe in the following. From zhangbachu to Hankou dam, it is 108km long, with a drop of 152m. There are intermittent dikes in some depressions. There is a dike on the South Right Bank of Shencun.

The middle reaches of Dawen River are 60 kilometers long with a drop of 44 meters. Except for the local foot of the mountain and sand dunes, there are dikes on both sides of the river, and the width of the river is more than 1000 meters. The river below Xiaomen is 1500 meters wide, with many dangerous works formed by the bend of the river and the gliding of the river. There are sanniangmiao and mingxincun on the right bank, Chengcheng, houshiliang and sangkou on the left bank. It is a famous dangerous section in history. Below Xiahui village, there are Haizi River and Miao River on the left bank, and Caohe River and Wuhe River (also known as Xiaohui River) on the right bank.

The Daqing reach from daicunba to Dongping Lake in the lower reaches is the Huangwen flood area in the past dynasties, and the river course is changeable. In 1855 (the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty), after the Yellow River moved northward to capture the Daqing River and entered the sea, the Daqing River, which flowed into Dongping lake alone, was formed after many changes. The Daqing reach is 29 km long, 400-500 m wide and 700-1000 m apart.

Water system changes

The Dawenhe River was called Wenshui in ancient times. There is a record of "Wenshui gushing" in the book of songs. It was recorded in Shangshu Yugong that it was collected in Jishui, and it was further pointed out that it originated from Laiwu. Since then, according to the records of shuijingzhu, "Wenshui came out of the original mountain of Laiwu County in Taishan Mountain", and it flowed southwest to Muwen River (now Muwen River) and Zishui River (now chaiwen River), and then to Jishui River in the West. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Wenshui was a tributary of Jishui. After entering Dongping, it passes through the southwest of Zhangcheng, the west of taoxiang (today's daicun dam site), the south of Wuyan city (today's Wuyan Village), the north of Shouzhang city (today's huozhuang) and the south of anminting (xiao'anshan) to enter Jishui.

After the 5th century, the upper section of Jishui was gradually blocked, and the lower section of Jishui was originated from Dayeze and Wenshui, which was called Qingshui in Tang Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Jishui River to the north of Liangshanpo, also known as Beiqing River, merged with Wenshui River and became a tributary of Daqing River. After the middle Jin Dynasty, the Yellow River moved southward, and Liangshanpo dried up because of the loss of water supply from the Yellow River. In 1411 (the ninth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty), Kaifu Huitong river was opened and Wenshui River was introduced to transport. Daicun dam was built to the west of KANHE River, which led Wenshui River to the south of Wenshang and Nanwang to enter the canal. This river was renamed Wenhe River (Xiaowen River), and Wenhe River, which overflowed the dam to the west, was also called Daqing River. In 1855, the Yellow River took the Daqing River into the sea, and the Dawen river flowed into the Yellow River from Yushan and became a tributary of the Yellow River. After the formation of Dongping Lake, Dawen River poured into the lake, and then flowed into the Yellow River through chenshankou and qinghekou. After the completion of Dongping Lake Reservoir in 1958, Wenshui overtopped the Daqing River and entered Dongping Lake, then entered the Yellow River through chenshankou sluice. In 1959, a dam was built at the place where daicun dam divides water into Xiaowen River, and Xiaowen river was abandoned, and Dawen River became a river course.

hydrographic features

The annual average runoff of Dawen River is about 1.82 billion cubic meters, and the annual average sediment discharge is about 1.82 million tons. The water and sediment are concentrated from the flood period. The runoff from July to August accounts for 64% of the annual runoff, and the sediment discharge accounts for 84%. The water and sediment discharge from January to June only accounts for about 5% of the annual runoff. There is a wide gap between the abundant and dry water and sand among the years. The measured maximum annual runoff is 6.07 billion cubic meters (1964), the minimum annual runoff is only 500 million cubic meters (1968, after reducing industrial and agricultural water, the minimum natural runoff is about 600 million cubic meters); the maximum annual sediment discharge is 9.15 million tons (1957), and the minimum annual sediment discharge is only 12000 tons (1968). The measured maximum peak discharge is 6930 cubic meters per second.

Main tributaries

The upstream basin covers an area of 5655 square kilometers, and the main tributaries are Muwen River and chaiwen river. Among them, Muwen river is 119 kilometers long with a drainage area of 3711 square kilometers; chaiwen river is 116 kilometers long with a drainage area of 1944 square kilometers.

The middle reaches of the basin covers an area of 1350.6 square kilometers, and the main tributaries are Haizi River, Miao River, caozhuo River and Wang River. Among them, Haizi river is 21 kilometers long with a drainage area of 127 square kilometers; Miao river is 13 kilometers long with a drainage area of 61.8 square kilometers; caozhuo river is 46 kilometers long with a drainage area of 648.5 kilometers; Wang River is 34 kilometers long with a drainage area of 183 square kilometers.

The downstream basin covers an area of 2064.6 square kilometers, and the main tributary is Huihe River, with a length of 94.2 kilometers and a basin area of 1259.2 square kilometers.

Yingwen River, originated from Chiliang spring in the southern mountain area of Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, meanders southward along the gorge, passes through changchengling and enters Laiwu district. It meanders southward through Chakou, then flows into naweishi River and into Xueye Reservoir in the West. It flows southward through Yingyi in the spring and Autumn period, so it is named Yingwen. It flows southward to Jianwen village and into Muwen, the main stream. The river is 86 km long with a drainage area of 1326 square km. Under the mountain pass into the plain, before the founding of the people's Republic of China had built embankments. In 1930, the dikes around taojia town and dongliusuo were renovated. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Xueye Reservoir was built in the upper reaches, and the water quantity in the lower reaches decreased. In the past 20 years, only a small amount of flood overflowed three times. In 1974, the CPC Laiwu County Committee decided to harness Yingwen River in an all-round way. In line with the requirements of straightening the river course, narrowing the river beach, adding dikes and stone revetment, it dredged 31.4 km of the river course, built 50 km of dikes, built 36 sections of stone revetment and 48 bridges and culverts. The masses along the river in Laiwu and Tai'an counties have repeatedly built 16 km dykes in the lower reaches of Yingwen. Now the dykes on both banks are 32 km long and 300-500 m apart. By 1985, the harnessing length of the middle and lower reaches of Yingwen river was 47.4 km, accounting for 55% of the river length. The total length of the dyke was more than 80 km, and the flood control standard was once in 20 years.

Chaiwen river originates from niulanyu area in the southwest of Yiyuan County, flows to zhoukeyu in the East, turns to the southwest in the west, passes through Dongzhou reservoir in Xintai County, passes through Xintai and Ningyang County, and enters Dawenkou into the mainstream Muwen river. Because it flows through the old city of hanchai County, it is named chaiwen. The river is 116 km long, with a drainage area of 1944 square kilometers. In 1731 (the ninth year of Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty), Chai Wendi was built with a length of 6790 feet. After the flood in 1918, the province allocated relief funds to block the breach of Wenxi and chiban, and to repair the old dike. After the founding of new China in 1954, jiandongdu built stone revetment 400 meters, chiban and Shimen each 50 meters.

Chinese PinYin : Shan Dong Sheng Huang He Liu Yu Dong Ping Hu Zhi Liu Da Wen He Xia You Duan Da Qing He